Topology on the spaces of orderings of groups

Ordered groups and topology

This is a draft of a book submitted for publication by the AMS. Its theme is the remarkable interplay, accelerating in the last few decades, between topology and the theory of orderable groups, with applications in both directions. It begins with an introduction to orderable groups and their algebraic properties. Many of the algebraic results are proved by topological methods, via consideration of the space of orderings. After a discussion Hölder's theorem and some dynamical aspects of orderable groups, we provide explicit orderings of important groups in topology: free groups and most surface…

On groups with finitely many Conradian orderings

We study the space of left-orderings on groups with finitely many Conradian orderings. We show that, within this class of groups, having an isolated left-ordering is equivalent to having finitely many left-orderings.

Dense orderings in the space of left-orderings of a group

Every left-invariant ordering of a group is either discrete, meaning there is a least element greater than the identity, or dense. Corresponding to this dichotomy, the spaces of left, Conradian, and bi-orderings of a group are naturally partitioned into two subsets. This note investigates the structure of this partition, specifically the set of dense orderings of a group and its closure within the space of orderings. We show that for bi-orderable groups this closure will always contain the space of Conradian orderings---and often much more. In particular, the closure of the set of dense orderi…

Exotic left orderings of the free groups from the Dehornoy ordering

We show that the restriction of the Dehornoy ordering to an appropriate free subgroup of the three-strand braid group defines a left ordering of the free group on k generators, k>1, that has no convex subgroups.

The number of locally invariant orderings of a group

We show that if a nontrivial group admits a locally invariant ordering, then it admits uncountably many locally invariant orderings. For the case of a left-orderable group, we provide an explicit construction of uncountable families of locally invariant orderings; for a general group we provide an existence theorem that applies compactness to yield uncountably many locally invariant orderings. Along the way, we define and investigate the space of locally invariant orderings of a group, the natural group actions on this space, and their relationship to the space of left-orderings.

Invariant group orderings and Galois conjugates

This paper investigates conditions under which a given automorphism of a residually torsion-free nilpotent group respects some ordering of the group. For free groups and surface groups, this has relevance to ordering the fundamental groups of three-dimensional manifolds which fibre over the circle.

On spaces of Conradian group orderings

We classify $C$-orderable groups admitting only finitely many $C$-orderings. We show that if a $C$-orderable group has infinitely many $C$-orderings, then it actually has uncountably many $C$-orderings, and none of these is isolated in the space of $C$-orderings. As a relevant example, we carefully study the case of Baumslag-Solitar's group B(1,2). We show that B(1,2) has four $C$-orderings, each of which is bi-invariant, but its space of left-orderings is homeomorphic to the Cantor set.

Left-orderings on free products of groups

We show that no left-ordering on a free product of (left-orderable) groups is isolated. In particular, we show that the space of left-orderings of free product of finitely generated groups is homeomorphic to the Cantor set. With the same techniques, we also give a new and constructive proof of the fact that the natural conjugation action of the free group (on two or more generators) on its space of left-orderings has a dense orbit.

Isolated points in the space of left orderings of a group

Let G be a left orderable group and LO(G) the space of all left orderings. We investigate the circumstances under which a left ordering < of G can correspond to an isolated point in LO(G), in particular we extend known results to cover the case of uncountable groups. With minor technical restrictions on the group G, we also find that no dense left ordering is isolated in LO(G), and that the closure of the set of all dense left orderings of G yields a dense G-delta set within a Cantor set of left orderings in LO(G). Lastly, we show that certain conditions on a discrete left ordering of G can gu…

Space of group orderings, quasi morphisms and bounded cohomology

For a group $G$, we construct a quasi morphism from its left orderings and the map from the space of left orderings to the second bounded cohomology. We show that these maps reflect various properties of the group orderings.

Orderings of Witzel-Zaremsky-Thompson groups

We prove the orderability of the Witzel-Zaremsky-Thompson group for a direct system of orderable groups under a certain compatibility assumption.

The space of circular orderings and semiconjugacy

Work of Linnell shows that the space of left-orderings of a group is either finite or uncountable, and in the case that the space is finite, the isomorphism type of the group is known---it is what is known as a Tararin group. By defining semiconjugacy of circular orderings in a general setting (that is, for arbitrary circular orderings of groups that may not act on $S^1$), we can view the subspace of left-orderings of any group as a single semiconjugacy class of circular orderings. Taking this perspective, we generalize the result of Linnell, to show that every semiconjugacy class of circular …

On the space of left-orderings of virtually solvable groups

We show that the space of left-orderings of a countable virtually solvable group is either finite or homeomorphic to a Cantor set. We also provide an explicit description of the space of left-orderings of $SOL=\Z^2\rtimes_T\Z$.

Automorphisms acting on the left-orderings of a bi-orderable group

We generalize a result of T. Koberda by showing that the natural action of the automorphism group on the space of left-orderings is faithful for all nonabelian bi-orderable groups G, as well as for a certain class of left-orderable groups that includes the braid groups. As a corollary we show that the action of the automorphism group of G on the boundary of G is faithful whenever G is bi-orderable and hyperbolic. We also analyze the action of the commensurator of G on its space of virtual left-orderings.

Orderings of mapping class groups after Thurston

We are concerned with mapping class groups of surfaces with nonempty boundary. We present a very natural method, due to Thurston, of finding many different left orderings of such groups. The construction involves equipping the surface with a hyperbolic structure, embedding the universal cover in the hyperbolic plane, and extending the action of the mapping class group on it to its limit points on the circle at infinity. We classify all orderings of braid groups which arise in this way. Moreover, restricting to a certain class of ``nonpathological'' orderings, we prove that there are only finit…

Orderable groups

In Chapter 1 we give the basic background and notations. We also give a new characterization of the Conrad property for orderings. In Chapter 2, we use the new characterization of the Conradian property to give a classification of groups admitting (only) finitely many Conradian orderings §2.1. Using this classification we deduce a structure theorem for the space of Conradian orderings §2.2. In addition, we are able to give a structure theorem for the space of left-orderings on a group by studying the possibility of approximating a given ordering by its conjugates §2.3. In Chapter 3 we show tha…

Bi-orderings on pure braided Thompson's groups

In this paper it is proved that the pure braided Thompson's group BF admits a bi-order, analog to the bi-order of the pure braid groups.

Ordering pure braid groups on closed surfaces

We prove that the pure braid groups on closed, orientable surfaces are bi-orderable, and that the pure braid groups on closed, non-orientable surfaces have generalized torsion, thus they are not bi-orderable.

正锥体与自由群几乎直积上的双序结构

Positive cones and bi-orderings on almost-direct products of free groups

本文研究自由群几乎直积的正锥体结构，通过正常形式和Magnus型序定义双不变序，并探讨其在纯单项辫群和McCool群等几何与代数群中的应用。

Dehornoy-like left orderings and isolated left orderings

We introduce a Dehornoy-like ordering of groups, which is a generalization of the Dehornoy ordering of the braid groups. Under a weak assumption which we call Property F, we show that Dehornoy-like orderings have properties similar to the Dehornoy ordering, and produce isolated left orderings. We also construct new examples of Dehornoy-like ordering and isolated orderings and study their more precise properties.

A new characterization of Conrad's property for group orderings, with applications

We provide a pure algebraic version of the dynamical characterization of Conrad's property. This approach allows dealing with general group actions on totally ordered spaces. As an application, we give a new and somehow constructive proof of a theorem first established by Linnell: an orderable group having infinitely many orderings has uncountably many. This proof is achieved by extending to uncountable orderable groups a result about orderings which may be approximated by their conjugates. This last result is illustrated by an example of an exotic ordering on the free group given in the Appen…

Faithful actions of automorphisms on the space of orderings of a group

In this article we study the space of left- and bi-invariant orderings on a torsion-free nilpotent group $G$. We will show that generally the set of such orderings is equipped with a faithful action of the automorphism group of $G$. We prove a result which allows us to establish the same conclusion when $G$ is assumed to be merely residually torsion-free nilpotent. In particular, we obtain faithful actions of mapping class groups of surfaces. We will draw connections between the structure of orderings on residually torsion-free nilpotent, hyperbolic groups and their Gromov boundaries, and we s…

融合自由积的归纳极限上的左序

Left orderings on inductive limits of amalgamated free products

本文研究可数生成群的左序，利用归纳系统中各群的孤立左序构造融合自由积归纳极限的左序，并证明所得左序不再是孤立序。

Free group automorphisms, invariant orderings and topological applications

We are concerned with orderable groups and particularly those with orderings invariant not only under multiplication, but also under a given automorphism or family of automorphisms. Several applications to topology are given: we prove that the fundamental groups of hyperbolic nonorientable surfaces, and the groups of certain fibred knots are bi-orderable. Moreover, we show that the pure braid groups associated with hyperbolic nonorientable surfaces are left-orderable.

On finite Thurston type orderings of braid groups

We prove that for any finite Thurston-type ordering $<_{T}$ on the braid group\ $B_{n}$, the restriction to the positive braid monoid $(B_{n}^{+},<_{T})$ is a\ well-ordered set of order type $ω^{ω^{n-2}}$. The proof uses a combi\ natorial description of the ordering $<_{T}$. Our combinatorial description is \ based on a new normal form for positive braids which we call the $\C$-normal fo\ rm. It can be seen as a generalization of Burckel's normal form and Dehornoy's \ $Φ$-normal form (alternating normal form).

具有两个混合偏序的偏序半群与群

Partially ordered semigroups and groups with two mixed partial orderings

本文研究带两个混合偏序的偏序半群及其与混合 lattice 群子半群的关系，并证明一般 Archimedean 混合格群无有限阶元素，同时构造含有限阶元素的非 Archimedean 反例。

Construction of isolated left orderings via partially central cyclic amalgamation

We give a new method to construct isolated left orderings of groups whose positive cones are finitely generated. Our construction uses an amalgamated free product of two groups having an isolated ordering. We construct a lot of new examples of isolated orderings, and give an example of isolated left orderings having various properties which previously known isolated orderings do not have.

Gröbner bases for p-group algebras

Experiment shows that the reverse length-lexicographical word ordering consistently yields far smaller Gröbner bases for modular p-group algebras than the length-lexicographical ordering. For the so-called Jennings word ordering, based on a special power-conjugate group presentation, the associated monomial algebra is a group invariant.

通过动力学实现研究可解Baumslag--Solitar群左序的算法性质

Algorithmic aspects of left-orderings of solvable Baumslag--Solitar groups via its dynamical realization

本研究解答了Calderoni与Clay的问题，证明可解Baumslag-Solitar群$\text{BS}(1,n)$左序的共轭等价关系是超有限的，并依托其动力学实现的分类与能行性，研究该群左序的算法性质。

Ordering Garside groups

We introduce a condition on Garside groups that we call Dehornoy structure. An iteration of such a structure leads to a left order on the group. We show conditions for a Garside group to admit a Dehornoy structure, and we apply these criteria to prove that the Artin groups of type A and I 2 (m), m $\ge$ 4, have Dehornoy structures. We show that the left orders on the Artin groups of type A obtained from their Dehornoy structures are the Dehornoy orders. In the case of the Artin groups of type I 2 (m), m $\ge$ 4, we show that the left orders derived from their Dehornoy structures coincide with …

序、阿廷-蒂茨群、加尔斯德结构

Ordering, Artin--Tits group, Garside structure

本文研究球形型阿廷群的德霍诺伊结构相关条件，证明其A条件几乎总是成立但B条件很少满足，明确了这类群具备德霍诺伊结构的条件情况。

大映射类群的可序性

Orderability of big mapping class groups

本文通过有限型子曲面穷竭归纳构造可数稳定 Alexander 系统，重新证明了带边无限型曲面映射类群的左可序性，并刻画了广义理想弧系统诱导左序的等价条件及其与群拓扑的一致性。

左序空间、低维拓扑与动力学的Borel复杂度

The Borel complexity of the space of left-orderings, low-dimensional topology, and dynamics

本文发展新工具分析左可序群的共轭等价关系复杂度，证明若干动力学来源群的非光滑性，并系统研究3-流形基本群的情形，揭示其与JSJ分解和L-空间猜想的联系。

Braids, orderings and minimal volume cusped hyperbolic 3-manifolds

It is well-known that there is a faithful representation of braid groups on automorphism groups of free groups, and it is also well-known that free groups are bi-orderable. We investigate which n-strand braids give rise to automorphisms which preserve some bi-ordering of the free group rank n. As a consequence of our work we find that of the two minimal volume hyperbolic 2-cusped orientable 3-manifolds, one has bi-orderable fundamental group whereas the other does not. We prove a similar result for the 1-cusped case, and have further results for more cusps. In addition, we study pseudo-Anosov …

PL(M) admits no Polish group topology

We show that the group of piecewise linear homeomorphisms of any compact PL manifold does not admit a Polish group topology. This uses a) new results on the relationship between topologies on groups of homeomorphisms, their algebraic structure, and the topology of the underlying manifold, and b) new results on the structure of certain subgroups of PL(M). The proof also shows that the group of piecewise projective homeomorphisms of the circle has no Polish group topology.

关于群上Zariski拓扑的一个注记

A note on the Zariski topology on groups

本文证明了群上的半群Zariski拓扑可能严格粗于群Zariski拓扑，解答了Elliott等人提出的问题。

关于幂零群左序空间的Borel复杂性

On the Borel complexity of the space of left-orderings of nilpotent groups

本文首次构造非交换左序群，其序空间共轭轨道关系有无穷轨道但Borel光滑，并给出幂零群光滑性的充分条件，同时证明幂零性非充分条件。

On the endomorphism rings of abelian groups and their Jacobson radical

We give a characterization of those abelian groups which are direct sums of cyclic groups and the Jacobson radical of their endomorphism rings are closed. A complete characterization of $p$-groups $A$ for which $(EndA,\mathcal T_L)$ is locally compact, where $\mathcal T_L$ is the Liebert topology on $EndA$, is given. We prove that if $A$ is a countable elementary $p$-group then $EndA$ has a non-admissible ring topology. To every functorial topology on $A$ a right bounded ring topology on $EndA$ is attached. By using this topology we construct on $EndA$ a non-metrizable and non-admissibe ring t…

Rigidity of the group topology for closed Weyl transitive groups of automorphisms of a regular locally finite building

We prove that if $G$ is a group of automorphisms of a regular locally finite building which is closed in the compact-open topology and acts Weyl transitively on the building, then $G$ admits just one Hausdorff locally compact $σ$-compact topology compatible with the group operations.

Minimally almost periodic group topology on countable torsion Abelian groups

For any countable torsion subgroup $H$ of an unbounded Abelian group $G$ there is a complete Hausdorff group topology $τ$ such that $H$ is the von Neumann radical of $(G,τ)$. In particular, any unbounded torsion countable Abelian group admits a complete Hausdorff minimally almost periodic (MinAP) group topology. If $G$ is a bounded torsion countably infinite Abelian group, then it admits a MinAP group topology if and only if all its leading Ulm-Kaplansky invariants are infinite. In such a case, a MinAP group topology can be chosen to be complete.

Palindromes and orderings in Artin groups

The braid group $B_{n}$, endowed with Artin's presentation, admits two distinguished involutions. One is the anti-automorphism ${\rm{rev}}: B_{n} \to B_{n}$, $v \mapsto \bar{v}$, defined by reading braids in the reverse order (from right to left instead of left to right). Another one is the conjugation $τ:x \mapsto Δ^{-1}x Δ$ by the generalized half-twist (Garside element). More generally, the involution ${\rm{rev}}$ is defined for all Artin groups (equipped with Artin's presentation) and the involution $τ$ is defined for all Artin groups of finite type. A palindrome is an element invariant un…

Group structures of a function spaces with the set-open topology

In this paper, we find at the properties of the family lambda which imply that the function space C(X,R^alpha) with the lambda-open topology is a semitopological group (paratopological group, topological group, topological vector space and other algebraic structures) under the usual operations of addition and multiplication (and multiplication by scalars).

A note on geometric constructions of bi-invariant orderings

We construct bi-invariant total orderings of residually torsion-free nilpotent groups by using Chen's iterated integrals. This construction can be seen as a generalization of the Magnus ordering of the free groups, and equivalent to the classical construction which uses an iteration of central extensions. Our geometric construction provides a connection between bi-orderings and the rational homotopy theory.

Minimally almost periodic group topology on infinite countable Abelian groups: A solution to Comfort's question

For any countable subgroup $H$ of an unbounded Abelian group $G$ there is a complete Hausdorff group topology $τ$ such that $H$ is the von Neumann radical of $(G,τ)$. In particular, we obtain the positive answer to Comfort's question: any unbounded countable Abelian group admits a complete Hausdorff minimally almost periodic (MinAP) group topology. A bounded infinite Abelian group admits a MinAP group topology if and only if all its leading Ulm-Kaplansky invariants are infinite. If, in addition, $G$ is countably infinite, a MinAP group topology can be chosen to be complete.

The pro-nilpotent group topology on a free group

In this paper, we work on the pro-nilpotent group topology of a free group. First we investigate the closure of the product of finitely many subgroups of a free group in the pro-nilpotent group topology. We present an algorithm for the calculation of the closure in the pro-nilpotent group topology of the product of finitely many finitely generated subgroups of a free group. Then we deduce that the nil-closure of a rational subset is computable. We also prove that the pseudovarieties V malcev G_nil, for every decidable pseudovariety of monoids V, and J * G_nil are decidable.

Residual nilpotence and ordering in one-relator groups and knot groups

Let $G=< x,t\mid w>$ be a one-relator group, where $w$ is a word in $x,t$. If $w$ is a product of conjugates of $x$ then, associated with $w$, there is a polynomial $A_w(X)$ over the integers, which in the case when $G$ is a knot group, is the Alexander polynomial of the knot. We prove, subject to certain restrictions on $w$, that if all roots of $A_w(X)$ are real and positive then $G$ is bi-orderable, and that if $G$ is bi-orderable then at least one root is real and positive. This sheds light on the bi-orderability of certain knot groups and on a question of Clay and Rolfsen. One of the resu…

Group splittings and asymptotic topology

It is a consequence of the theorem of Stallings on groups with many ends that splittings over finite groups are preserved by quasi-isometries. In this paper we use asymptotic topology to show that group splittings are preserved by quasi-isometries in many cases. Roughly speaking we show that splittings are preserved under quasi-isometries when the vertex groups are fundamental groups of aspherical manifolds (or more generally `coarse PD(n)-groups') and the edge groups are `smaller' than the vertex groups.

穿孔环面丛上的非标准双向序

Non-standard bi-orders on punctured torus bundles

本文研究穿孔环面丛群的非标准双向序，证明其最大及次大真凸子群与标准双向序一致，并确认这些群确实存在非标准双向序。

Which infinite abelian groups admit an almost maximally almost-periodic group topology?

A topological group G is said to be almost maximally almost-periodic if its von Neumann radical is non-trivial, but finite. In this paper, we prove that every abelian group with an infinite torsion subgroup admits a (Hausdorff) almost maximally almost-periodic group topology. Some open problems are also formulated.

Sofic groups and profinite topology on free groups

We give a definition of weakly sofic groups (w-sofic groups). Our definition is rather natural extension of the definition of sofic groups where instead of Hamming metric on symmetric groups we use general bi-invariant metrics on finite groups. The existence of non w-sofic groups is equivalent to some conjecture about profinite topology on free groups.

Ordering the space of finitely generated groups

We consider the oriented graph whose vertices are isomorphism classes of finitely generated groups, with an edge from G to H if, for some generating set T in H and some sequence of generating sets S_i in G, the marked balls of radius i in (G,S_i) and in (H,T) coincide. Given a nilpotent group G, we characterize its connected component in this graph: if that connected component contains at least one torsion-free group, then it consists of those groups which generate the same variety of groups as G. The arrows in the graph define a preorder on the set of isomorphism classes of finitely generated…

The congruence topology, Grothendieck duality and thin groups

This paper answers a question raised by Grothendieck in 1970 on the "Grothendieck closure" of an integral linear group and proves a conjecture of the first author made in 1980. This is done by a detailed study of the congruence topology of arithmetic groups, obtaining along the way, an arithmetic analogue of a classical result of Chevalley for complex algebraic groups. As an application we also deduce a group theoretic characterization of thin subgroups of arithmetic groups.

Splittings and the asymptotic topology of the lamplighter group

It is known that splittings of finitely presented groups over 2-ended groups can be characterized geometrically. We show that this characterization does not extend to all finitely generated groups. Answering a question of Kleiner we show that the Cayley graph of the lamplighter group is coarsely separated by quasi-circles.

On the profinite topology of right-angled Artin groups

We give necessary and sufficient conditions on the graph of a right-angled Artin group that determine whether the group is subgroup separable or not. Moreover, we investigate the profinite topology of the direct product of two free groups. We show that the profinite topology of the above group is strongly connected with the profinite topology of the free group of rank two.