This paper illustrates the combinatorial approach to vertex algebra - study of vertex algebras presented by generators and relations. A necessary ingredient of this method is the notion of free vertex algebra. Borcherds \cite{bor} was the first to note that free vertex algebras do not exist in general. The reason for this is that vertex algebras do not form a variety of algebras, because the locality axiom (see sec 2 below) is not an identity. However, a certain subcategory of vertex algebras, obtained by restricting the order of locality of generators, has a universal object, which we call the free vertex algebra corresponding to the given locality bound. In [J. of Algebra, 217(2):496-527] some free vertex algebras were constructed and in certain special cases their linear bases were found. In this paper we generalize this construction and find linear bases of an arbitrary free vertex algebra.
It turns out that free vertex algebras are closely related to the vertex algebras corresponding to integer lattices. The latter algebras play a very important role in different areas of mathematics and physics. Here we explore the relation between free vertex algebras and lattice vertex algebras in much detail. These results comply with the use of the word "free" in physical literature refering to some elements of lattice vertex algebras, like in "free field", "free bozon" or "free fermion".
Among other things, we find a nice presentation of lattice vertex algebras in terms of generators and relations, thus giving an alternative construction of these algebras without using vertex operators. We remark that our construction works in a very general setting; we do not assume the lattice to be positive definite, neither non-degenerate, nor of a finite rank.
We consider sets of screening operators with fermionic screening currents. We study sums of vertex operators which formally commute with the screening operators assuming that each vertex operator has rational contractions with all screening currents with only simple poles. We develop and use the method of $qq$-characters which are combinatorial objects described in terms of deformed Cartan matrix. We show that each qq-character gives rise to a sum of vertex operators commuting with screening operators and describe ways to understand the sum in the case it is infinite. We discuss combinatorics …
In this paper, we give a realization of crystal bases for quantum affine algebras using some new combinatorial objects which we call the Young walls. The Young walls consist of colored blocks with various shapes that are built on the given ground-state wall and can be viewed as generalizations of Young diagrams. The rules for building Young walls and the action of Kashiwara operators are given explicitly in terms of combinatorics of Young walls. The crystal graphs for basic representations are characterized as the set of all reduced proper Young walls. The characters of basic representations c…
We introduce the notion of quantum Schur (or $q$-Schur) superalgebras. These algebras share certain nice properties with $q$-Schur algebras such as base change property, existence of canonical $\mathbb Z[v,v^{-1}]$-bases, and the duality relation with quantum matrix superalgebra $\sA(m|n)$. We also construct a cellular $\mathbb Q(\up)$-basis and determine its associated cells, called super-cells, in terms of a Robinson--Schensted--Knuth super-correspondence. In this way, we classify all irreducible representations over $\mathbb Q(\up)$ via super-cell modules.
We study finite-dimensional representations of quantum affine algebras using q-characters. We prove the conjectures from math.QA/9810055 and derive some of their corollaries. In particular, we prove that the tensor product of fundamental representations is reducible if and only if at least one of the corresponding normalized R-matrices has a pole.
We study using combinatorial methods the structural coefficients of the formal homogeneous universal enveloping algebra Uh(sl2) of the special linear algebra sl2 over a field of characteristic zero. We provide explicit formulae for the product of generic elements in Uh(sl2), and construct combinatorial objects giving flesh to these formulae.
This paper studies certain relations among vertex algebras, vertex Lie algebras and vertex Poisson algebras. In this paper, the notions of vertex Lie algebra (conformal algebra) and vertex Poisson algebra are revisited and certain general construction theorems of vertex Poisson algebras are given. A notion of filtered vertex algebra is formulated in terms of a notion of good filtration and it is proved that the associated graded vector space of a filtered vertex algebra is naturally a vertex Poisson algebra. For any vertex algebra $V$, a general construction and a classification of good filtra…
We explore combinatorics associated with the degenerate Hecke algebra at $q=0$, obtaining a formula for a system of orthogonal idempotents, and also exploring various pattern avoidance results. Generalizing constructions for the 0-Hecke algebra, we explore the representation theory of $\JJ$-trivial monoids. We then discuss two-tensors of crystal bases for $U_q(\tilde{\mathfrak{sl}_2})$, establishing a complementary result to one of Bandlow, Schilling, and Thiéry on affine crystals arising from promotion operators. Finally, we give a computer implementation of Stembridge's local axioms for simp…
Easy quantum groups are compact matrix quantum groups, whose intertwiner spaces are given by the combinatorics of categories of partitions. This class contains the symmetric group and the orthogonal group as well as Wang's quantum permutation group and his free orthogonal quantum group. In this article, we study a particular class of categories of partitions to each of which we assign a subgroup of the infinite free product of the cyclic group of order two. This is an important step in the classification of all easy quantum groups and we deduce that there are uncountably many of them. We focus…
We give a general treatment of the master equation in homotopy algebras and describe the operads and formal differential geometric objects governing the corresponding algebraic structures. We show that the notion of Maurer-Cartan twisting is encoded in certain automorphisms of these universal objects.
We begin by considering the graded vector space with a basis consisting of rooted trees, graded by the count of non-root vertices. We define two linear operators on this vector space, the growth and pruning operators, which respectively raise and lower grading; their commutator is the operator that multiplies a rooted tree by its number of vertices. We define an inner product with respect to which the growth and pruning operators are adjoint, and obtain several results about the multiplicities associated with each operator. The symmetric algebra on the vector space of rooted trees (after a deg…
After some generalities on homogeneous algebras, we give a formula connecting the Poincaré series of a homogeneous algebra with the homology of the corresponding Koszul complex generalizing thereby a standard result for quadratic algebras. We then investigate two particular types of cubic algebras: The first one called the parafermionic (parabosonic) algebra is the algebra generated by the creation operators of the universal fermionic (bosonic) parastatics with $D$ degrees of freedom while the second is the plactic algebra that is the algebra of the plactic monoid with entries in $\{1,2,..., D…
It is easy to sum chain-free self-energy rainbows, to obtain contributions to anomalous dimensions. It is also easy to resum rainbow-free self-energy chains. Taming the combinatoric explosion of all possible nestings and chainings of a primitive self-energy divergence is a much more demanding problem. We solve it in terms of the coproduct $Δ$, antipode S, and grading operator Y of the Hopf algebra of undecorated rooted trees. The vital operator is $S\star Y$, with a star product effected by $Δ$. We perform 30-loop Padé-Borel resummation of 463 020 146 037 416 130 934 BPHZ subtractions in Yukaw…
A higher level analog of Weyl modules over multi-variable currents is proposed. It is shown that the sum of their dual spaces form a commutative algebra. The structure of these modules and the geometry of the projective spectrum of this algebra is studied for the currents of dimension one and two. Along the way we prove some particular cases of the conjectures in [FL1] and propose a generalization of the notion of parking function representations.
We review the structures imposed on perturbative QFT by the fact that its Feynman diagrams provide Hopf and Lie algebras. We emphasize the role which the Hopf algebra plays in renormalization by providing the forest formulas. We exhibit how the associated Lie algebra originates from an operadic operation of graph insertions. Particular emphasis is given to the connection with the Riemann--Hilbert problem. Finally, we outline how these structures relate to the numbers which we see in Feynman diagrams.
We review and motivate recently-observed relationships between exactly solvable lattice models and modular representations of Hecke algebras. Firstly, we describe how the set of $n$-regular partitions label both of the following classes of objects: 1. The spectrum of unrestricted solid-on-solid lattice models based on level-1 representations of the affine algebras $\sl_n$, 2. The irreducible representations of type-A Hecke algebras at roots of unity: $H_m(\sqrt[n]{1})$. Secondly, we show that a certain subset of the $n$-regular partitions label both of the following classes of objects: 1. The …
Let U be the quantum group associated to a Lie algebra g of rank n. The negative part U^- of U has a canonical basis B with favourable properties, introduced by Kashiwara and Lusztig. The approaches of Kashiwara and Lusztig lead to a set of alternative parametrizations of the canonical basis, one for each reduced expression for the longest word in the Weyl group of g. We describe the authors' recent work establishing close relationships between the Lusztig cones, canonical basis elements and the regions of linearity of reparametrization functions arising from the above parametrizations in type…
The aim of this paper is to bring together the three objects in the title. Recall that, given a Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, the Eulerian idempotent is a canonical projection from the enveloping algebra $U(\mathfrak{g})$ to $\mathfrak{g}$. The Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff product and the Magnus expansion can both be expressed in terms of the Eulerian idempotent, which makes it interesting to establish explicit formulas for the latter. We show how to reduce the computation of the Eulerian idempotent to the computation of a logarithm in a certain pre-Lie algebra of planar, binary, rooted trees. The p…
The notions of vertex Lie algebra and vertex Poisson algebra are presented and connections among vertex Lie algebras, vertex Poisson algebras and vertex algebras are discussed.
