大规模深度学习模型用于物理AI应用依赖于多样化的训练数据收集。这些模型和相应训练数据必须满足不同评估标准，以确保在现实环境中部署。数据选择策略可指导训练集开发，但现有框架未考虑数据点对不同指标的影响模糊性。本文提出Mixture Optimization via Scaling-Aware Iterative Collection (MOSAIC)，通过将数据集分为域、从每个数据域拟合神经缩放规律，并通过迭代添加最大化指标变化的域数据来优化数据混合。我们将其应用于自动驾驶（AD），其中End-to-End（E2E）规划模型在Extended Predictive Driver Model Score（EPDMS）上进行评估，EPDMS是驾驶规则合规性指标的汇总。在此，MOSAIC在EPDMS上优于多种基线模型，数据使用量减少高达80%。
英文摘要：
Large-scale deep learning models for physical AI applications depend on diverse training data collection efforts. These models and correspondingly, the training data, must address different evaluation criteria necessary for the models to be deployable in real-world environments. Data selection policies can guide the development of the training set, but current frameworks do not account for the ambiguity in how data points affect different metrics. In this work, we propose Mixture Optimization via Scaling-Aware Iterative Collection (MOSAIC), a general data selection framework that operates by: (i) partitioning the dataset into domains; (ii) fitting neural scaling laws from each data domain to the evaluation metrics; and (iii) optimizing a data mixture by iteratively adding data from domains that maximize the change in metrics. We apply MOSAIC to autonomous driving (AD), where an End-to-End (E2E) planner model is evaluated on the Extended Predictive Driver Model Score (EPDMS), an aggregate of driving rule compliance metrics. Here, MOSAIC outperforms a diverse set of baselines on EPDMS with up to 80\% less data.
Motion Comfort Optimization for Autonomous Vehicles: Concepts, Methods, and Techniques
University of North Texas（北德克萨斯大学）；Fordham University（福特汉姆大学）；Qatar University（卡塔尔大学）；University of Nebraska at Kearney（内布拉斯加大学卡尼尔分校）；Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI)（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学（MBZUAI））；Hamad Bin Khalifa University（哈马德·本·哈利法大学）
ENSTA Paris（巴黎高等先进技术学院）；Institut Polytechnique de Paris（巴黎理工学院）；INRIA（法国国家信息与自动化研究所）；Université Paris-Saclay（巴黎萨克雷大学）；CEA（法国原子能和替代能源委员会）；List（李斯特研究所）
In recent years, we have witnessed increasingly high performance in the field of autonomous end-to-end driving. In particular, more and more research is being done on driving in urban environments, where the car has to follow high level commands to navigate. However, few evaluations are made on the ability of these agents to react in an unexpected situation. Specifically, no evaluations are conducted on the robustness of driving agents in the event of a bad high-level command. We propose here an evaluation method, namely a benchmark that allows to assess the robustness of an agent, and to appr…
This survey reviews explainability methods for vision-based self-driving systems trained with behavior cloning. The concept of explainability has several facets and the need for explainability is strong in driving, a safety-critical application. Gathering contributions from several research fields, namely computer vision, deep learning, autonomous driving, explainable AI (X-AI), this survey tackles several points. First, it discusses definitions, context, and motivation for gaining more interpretability and explainability from self-driving systems, as well as the challenges that are specific t…
The next-generation high-resolution automotive radar (4D radar) can provide additional elevation measurement and denser point clouds, which has great potential for 3D sensing in autonomous driving. In this paper, we introduce a dataset named TJ4DRadSet with 4D radar points for autonomous driving research. The dataset was collected in various driving scenarios, with a total of 7757 synchronized frames in 44 consecutive sequences, which are well annotated with 3D bounding boxes and track ids. We provide a 4D radar-based 3D object detection baseline for our dataset to demonstrate the effectivenes…
RGB cameras are one of the most relevant sensors for autonomous driving applications. It is undeniable that failures of vehicle cameras may compromise the autonomous driving task, possibly leading to unsafe behaviors when images that are subsequently processed by the driving system are altered. To support the definition of safe and robust vehicle architectures and intelligent systems, in this paper we define the failure modes of a vehicle camera, together with an analysis of effects and known mitigations. Further, we build a software library for the generation of the corresponding failed image…
Autonomous systems require identifying the environment and it has a long way to go before putting it safely into practice. In autonomous driving systems, the detection of obstacles and traffic lights are of importance as well as lane tracking. In this study, an autonomous driving system is developed and tested in the experimental environment designed for this purpose. In this system, a model vehicle having a camera is used to trace the lanes and avoid obstacles to experimentally study autonomous driving behavior. Convolutional Neural Network models were trained for Lane tracking. For the vehic…
Waterloo Artificial Intelligence Institute（滑铁卢人工智能研究所）；Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学系统设计工程系）；David Cheriton school of Computer science, University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学戴维·谢里顿计算机学院）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）
This paper analyzes the robustness of deep learning models in autonomous driving applications and discusses the practical solutions to address that.
Machine Learning-Based Vehicle Intention Trajectory Recognition and Prediction for Autonomous Driving
University of Southern California（南加州大学）；Virginia Tech（弗吉尼亚理工大学）；Miami University（迈阿密大学）；Northern Arizona University（北亚利桑那大学）；Northeastern University（东北大学）
Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory（上海人工智能实验室）；East China Normal University（华东师范大学）；Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）
Computer Vision Center (CVC)（计算机视觉中心（CVC））；Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)（巴塞罗那自治大学（UAB））；Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms (MILA)（蒙特利尔学习算法研究所（MILA））
Human drivers produce a vast amount of data which could, in principle, be used to improve autonomous driving systems. Unfortunately, seemingly straightforward approaches for creating end-to-end driving models that map sensor data directly into driving actions are problematic in terms of interpretability, and typically have significant difficulty dealing with spurious correlations. Alternatively, we propose to use this kind of action-based driving data for learning representations. Our experiments show that an affordance-based driving model pre-trained with this approach can leverage a relative…
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）
With autonomous driving developing in a booming stage, accurate object detection in complex scenarios attract wide attention to ensure the safety of autonomous driving. Millimeter wave (mmWave) radar and vision fusion is a mainstream solution for accurate obstacle detection. This article presents a detailed survey on mmWave radar and vision fusion based obstacle detection methods. First, we introduce the tasks, evaluation criteria, and datasets of object detection for autonomous driving. The process of mmWave radar and vision fusion is then divided into three parts: sensor deployment, sensor c…
Our autonomous driving simulation lab produces a high-precision 3D model simulating the parking lot. However, the current model still has poor rendering quality in some aspects. In this work, we develop a system to improve the rendering of the model and evaluate the quality of the rendered model.
Autonomous driving technology has drawn a lot of attention due to its fast development and extremely high commercial values. The recent technological leap of autonomous driving can be primarily attributed to the progress in the environment perception. Good environment perception provides accurate high-level environment information which is essential for autonomous vehicles to make safe and precise driving decisions and strategies. Moreover, such progress in accurate environment perception would not be possible without deep learning models and advanced onboard sensors, such as optical sensors (…
With the gradual maturity of 5G technology,autonomous driving technology has attracted moreand more attention among the research commu-nity. Autonomous driving vehicles rely on the co-operation of artificial intelligence, visual comput-ing, radar, monitoring equipment and GPS, whichenables computers to operate motor vehicles auto-matically and safely without human interference.However, the large-scale dataset for training andsystem evaluation is still a hot potato in the devel-opment of robust perception models. In this paper,we present the NEOLIX dataset and its applica-tions in the autonomou…
Human-vehicle cooperative driving has become the critical technology of autonomous driving, which reduces the workload of human drivers. However, the complex and uncertain road environments bring great challenges to the visual perception of cooperative systems. And the perception characteristics of autonomous driving differ from manual driving a lot. To enhance the visual perception capability of human-vehicle cooperative driving, this paper proposed a cooperative visual perception model. 506 images of complex road and traffic scenarios were collected as the data source. Then this paper improv…
The University of Texas at Dallas（得克萨斯大学达拉斯分校）；Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been widely applied in many autonomous systems such as autonomous driving. Recently, DNN testing has been intensively studied to automatically generate adversarial examples, which inject small-magnitude perturbations into inputs to test DNNs under extreme situations. While existing testing techniques prove to be effective, they mostly focus on generating digital adversarial perturbations (particularly for autonomous driving), e.g., changing image pixels, which may never happen in physical world. There is a critical missing piece in the literature on autonomous …
Macquarie University（麦考瑞大学）；Swinburne University of Technology（斯威本科技大学）
The rapid development of artificial intelligence, especially deep learning technology, has advanced autonomous driving systems (ADSs) by providing precise control decisions to counterpart almost any driving event, spanning from anti-fatigue safe driving to intelligent route planning. However, ADSs are still plagued by increasing threats from different attacks, which could be categorized into physical attacks, cyberattacks and learning-based adversarial attacks. Inevitably, the safety and security of deep learning-based autonomous driving are severely challenged by these attacks, from which the…
We aim to solve semantic video segmentation in autonomous driving, namely road detection in real time video, using techniques discussed in (Shelhamer et al., 2016a). While fully convolutional network gives good result, we show that the speed can be halved while preserving the accuracy. The test dataset being used is KITTI, which consists of real footage from Germany's streets.
Vision-based 3D Detection task is fundamental task for the perception of an autonomous driving system, which has peaked interest amongst many researchers and autonomous driving engineers. However achieving a rather good 3D BEV (Bird's Eye View) performance is not an easy task using 2D sensor input-data with cameras. In this paper we provide a literature survey for the existing Vision Based 3D detection methods, focused on autonomous driving. We have made detailed analysis of over $60$ papers leveraging Vision BEV detections approaches and highlighted different sub-groups for detailed understan…
Black Sesame Technology Inc.（黑芝麻智能科技有限公司）；Futurewei Technology Inc.（星网锐捷技术有限公司）
Since DARPA Grand Challenges (rural) in 2004/05 and Urban Challenges in 2007, autonomous driving has been the most active field of AI applications. Almost at the same time, deep learning has made breakthrough by several pioneers, three of them (also called fathers of deep learning), Hinton, Bengio and LeCun, won ACM Turin Award in 2019. This is a survey of autonomous driving technologies with deep learning methods. We investigate the major fields of self-driving systems, such as perception, mapping and localization, prediction, planning and control, simulation, V2X and safety etc. Due to the l…
Nowadays, plenty of deep learning technologies are being applied to all aspects of autonomous driving with promising results. Among them, object detection is the key to improve the ability of an autonomous agent to perceive its environment so that it can (re)act. However, previous vision-based object detectors cannot achieve satisfactory performance under real-time driving scenarios. To remedy this, we present the real-time steaming perception system in this paper, which is also the 2nd Place solution of Streaming Perception Challenge (Workshop on Autonomous Driving at CVPR 2021) for the detec…
Autonomous driving has been among the most popular and challenging topics in the past few years. On the road to achieving full autonomy, researchers have utilized various sensors, such as LiDAR, camera, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and GPS, and developed intelligent algorithms for autonomous driving applications such as object detection, object segmentation, obstacle avoidance, and path planning. High-definition (HD) maps have drawn lots of attention in recent years. Because of the high precision and informative level of HD maps in localization, it has immediately become one of the critica…
Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab（华为诺亚方舟实验室）
Multi-task learning has emerged as a powerful paradigm to solve a range of tasks simultaneously with good efficiency in both computation resources and inference time. However, these algorithms are designed for different tasks mostly not within the scope of autonomous driving, thus making it hard to compare multi-task methods in autonomous driving. Aiming to enable the comprehensive evaluation of present multi-task learning methods in autonomous driving, we extensively investigate the performance of popular multi-task methods on the large-scale driving dataset, which covers four common percepti…
The goal of our work is to use visual attention to enhance autonomous driving performance. We present two methods of predicting visual attention maps. The first method is a supervised learning approach in which we collect eye-gaze data for the task of driving and use this to train a model for predicting the attention map. The second method is a novel unsupervised approach where we train a model to learn to predict attention as it learns to drive a car. Finally, we present a comparative study of our results and show that the supervised approach for predicting attention when incorporated perform…
A Framework for a Capability-driven Evaluation of Scenario Understanding for Multimodal Large Language Models in Autonomous Driving
Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG（保时捷股份公司）；Forschungszentrum Informatik（弗劳恩霍夫信息技术研究中心）；Hochschule Esslingen（埃斯林根应用技术大学）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Voxel51；Karlsruher Institut für Technologie（卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院）
Berkeley Deep Drive（伯克利深度驾驶）；University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）
Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been shown to perform extremely well at a variety of tasks including subtasks of autonomous driving such as image segmentation and object classification. However, networks designed for these tasks typically require vast quantities of training data and long training periods to converge. We investigate the design rationale behind end-to-end driving network designs by proposing and comparing three small and computationally inexpensive deep end-to-end neural network models that generate driving control signals directly from input images. In contrast t…
Deep learning (DL) based computer vision (CV) models are generally considered as black boxes due to poor interpretability. This limitation impedes efficient diagnoses or predictions of system failure, thereby precluding the widespread deployment of DLCV models in safety-critical tasks such as autonomous driving. This study is motivated by the need to enhance the interpretability of DL model in autonomous driving and therefore proposes an explainable DL-based framework that generates textual descriptions of the driving environment and makes appropriate decisions based on the generated descripti…
This paper introduces the autonomous system of the "Smart Shark II" which won the Formula Student Autonomous China (FSAC) Competition in 2018. In this competition, an autonomous racecar is required to complete autonomously two laps of unknown track. In this paper, the author presents the self-driving software structure of this racecar which ensure high vehicle speed and safety. The key components ensure a stable driving of the racecar, LiDAR-based and Vision-based cone detection provide a redundant perception; the EKF-based localization offers high accuracy and high frequency state estimation;…
Autonomous driving is a multi-task problem requiring a deep understanding of the visual environment. End-to-end autonomous systems have attracted increasing interest as a method of learning to drive without exhaustively programming behaviours for different driving scenarios. When humans drive, they rely on a finely tuned sensory system which enables them to quickly acquire the information they need while filtering unnecessary details. This ability to identify task-specific high-interest regions within an image could be beneficial to autonomous driving agents and machine learning systems in gen…
State-of-the-art autonomous driving systems rely on high definition (HD) maps for localization and navigation. However, building and maintaining HD maps is time-consuming and expensive. Furthermore, the HD maps assume structured environment such as the existence of major road and lanes, which are not present in rural areas. In this work, we propose an end-to-end transformer networks based approach for map-less autonomous driving. The proposed model takes raw LiDAR data and noisy topometric map as input and produces precise local trajectory for navigation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of ou…
