We compute the entanglement entropy of a real massive scalar field near a non-rotating BTZ black hole using Thermo Field Dynamics. Modeling the black hole as a collapsing dust shell in AdS3, we derive the shell trajectory R(t) as seen by a Fiducial Observer (FIDO). From the Hartle-Hawking and Killing-Boulware vacua, we obtain the Wightman function difference and compute energy density, revealing a sharply localized energy density just outside the horizon, consistent with the brick wall picture. A full thermodynamic analysis yields an entanglement entropy proportional to the horizon area, numerically matching the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. All intermediate steps, including junction conditions, Kruskal extension, WKB modes, and UV regularization, are explicitly detailed.
In this work we construct several black hole metrics which are consistent with the generalized uncertainty principle logarithmic correction to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula. After preserving the event horizon at the usual position, a singularity at the Planck scale is found. Finally, these geometries are shown to be realized by certain model of nonlinear electrodynamics, which resembles previously studied regular black hole solutions.
In this paper, we derive the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy by considering a Non-Commuting two dimensional quantized space, and we will show that the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is valid for the system (black hole) in an equilibrium state. Also, by using the entropy was obtained, we derive the Einstein and Newton gravity equation, and finally, we get an equation that is consistent with the previous results. In other words, we want to show that by using the statistical mechanics and quantization of space and the excitation of space quanta, can be obtained the Einstein and Newton gravity equation. In…
This paper comprehensively explores Stephen Hawking's interaction with Jacob Bekenstein. Both Hawking and Bekenstein benefited from the interaction with each other. It is shown that Hawking's interaction with Bekenstein drove him to solve the problems in Bekenstein's black hole thermodynamics in terms of a new thermal radiation mechanism. Hawking derived the thermal radiation using a semiclassical approximation in which the matter fields are treated quantum mechanically on a classical spacetime background. Hawking's semiclassical approximation yielded a simple formula for the entropy of the bl…
We discuss semiclassical Nariai black holes in the framework of $f(T)$-gravity. For a diagonal choice of tetrades, stable Nariai metrics can be found, emitting Bekenstein-Hawking radiation in semiclassical limit. However, for a non-diagonal choice of tetrades, evaporation and antievaporation instabilities are turned on. In turn, this causes a back-reaction effect suppressing the Bekenstein-Hawking radiation. In particular, evaporation instabilities produce a new radiation -- different by Bekenstein-Hawking emission -- non-violating unitarity in particle physics sector.
The present work deals with four alternative formulation of Bekenstein system on event horizon in $f(R)$ gravity. While thermodynamical laws holds in universe bounded by apparent horizon, these laws break down on event horizon. With alternative formulation of thermodynamical parameters (temperature and entropy), thermodynamical laws hold on event horizon in Einstein Gravity. With this motivation, we extend the idea of generalised Hawking temperature and modified Bekenstein entropy in homogeneous and isotropic model of universe on event horizon and examine whether thermodynamical laws hold in f…
Exciting peculiarities of Planck-scale physics have immediate effects on the Bekenstein-Hawking radiation emitted from black holes (BHs). In this paper, using the tunneling formalism, we determine the Bekenstein-Hawking temperature for the vector particles from a backreacted black hole (BBH) constructed from a conformal scalar field surrounded by a BTZ (Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli) BH. Then, under the effect of the generalized uncertainty principle, we extend our calculations for scalar particles to understand the effects of quantum gravity. Then, we calculate an evaporation time for the BBH, t…
Black holes and bits: A simple path to Bekenstein-Hawking entropy
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Física（基础科学学院物理系）；Centro de Desarrollo de Investigación CEDI-UMCE（CEDI-UMCE研究发展中心）；Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación（教育科学都会大学）
In this paper, we successfully derive the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy for Schwarzschild black holes in various dimensions by using a non-trivial phase space. It is appealing to notice that the thermodynamics of a Schwarzschild black hole actually behaves like that of a $1$-dimensional quantum mechanical system. Our result suggests that black hole should be viewed as a system with the equation of state $P=ρ$, and it also suggests that a holographic stage should exist in the early universe.
The idea of Verlinde that gravity is an entropic force caused by information changes associated with the positions of material bodies, is used in the present work for the FRW model of the Universe. Using modified Hawking temperature, the Friedmann equations are derived on any horizon. For the validity of the first law of thermodynamics (i.e., Clausius relation) it is found that there is modification of Bekenstein entropy on the horizon. However, using equipartition law of energy, Bekenstein entropy is recovered.
The semi-classical Hawking evaporation process of Reissner-Nordström black holes is analyzed. It is shown that this quantum mechanism may turn a near-extremal black-hole spacetime with $T_{\text{BH}}\lesssim \hbar^2/G^2M^3$ into an horizonless naked singularity, thus violating the Penrose cosmic censorship conjecture. It is therefore conjectured that, within the framework of a self-consistent quantum theory of gravity, the Bekenstein-Hawking temperature should be bounded from below by the simple relation $T_{\text{BH}}\gtrsim \hbar^2/G^2M^3$.
The present work deals with three alternative generalized Bekenstein-Hawking formulation of thermodynamical parameters namely entropy and temperature for the universal thermodynamical system bounded by a horizon in the frame work of inhomogeneous perfect fluid Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) model of the Universe. For the first choice, the first law of thermodynamics holds only for the trivial de Sitter case of the LTB model while we need restriction on the evolution of the horizon radius for the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics. However, for the other two choices, the firs…
Leading Log Corrections to Bekenstein-Hawking Entropy
我们表明，与任何黑洞相关的贝肯斯坦-霍金熵进行对数修正时，小的热力学波动平衡考虑在内。因此，黑洞熵的校正表达式由$S= A/4 - k \ln(A)$给出，其中$A$是视界面积，$k$是取决于特定黑洞的常数。我们把我们的结果应用到BTZ黑洞，其中$k=3/2$，如前所述，以及反德西特-史瓦西和Reissner-Nordstrom黑洞在任意时空维。最后，我们考察了共形场论在黑洞熵及其修正中的作用。
Black hole entropy is a robust prediction of quantum gravity with no established phenomenological consequences to date. We use the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula and general-relativistic statistical mechanics to determine the probability distribution of random geometries uniformly sampled in phase space. We show that this statistics (in the limit $\hbar\to 0$) is relevant to large curvature perturbations, resulting in a population of primordial black holes with zero natal spin. In principle, the identification of such a population at LIGO, Virgo, and future gravitational wave observatories…
We present evidence for the existence of a quantum lower bound on the Bekenstein-Hawking temperature of black holes. The suggested bound is supported by a gedanken experiment in which a charged particle is dropped into a Kerr black hole. It is proved that the temperature of the final Kerr-Newman black-hole configuration is bounded from below by the relation $T_{\text{BH}}\times r_{\text{H}}>(\hbar/r_{\text{H}})^2$, where $r_{\text{H}}$ is the horizon radius of the black hole.
It is possible to find initial states for gravitational collapse whose entropy approximately saturates the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the final black hole. The prototypical example of such a state is that envisaged by Zurek and Thorne, and also by Susskind: for a black hole of mass $\sim M$ , a number $\sim M^2$ of quanta with energies of order $1/M$ are accreted on a timescale of order $\sim M^3$, an approximate time-reverse of Hawking evaporation. There is lore that all initial states which saturate the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy must involve a formation timescale of this order, $M^3$ , a…
Vacuum Einstein equations when projected on to a black hole horizon is analogous to the dynamics of fluids. In this work we address the question, whether certain properties of semi-classical black holes could be holographically mapped into properties of (2 + 1)-dimensional fluid living on the horizon. In particular, we focus on the statistical mechanical description of the horizon-fluid that leads to Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. Within the paradigm of Landau mean field theory and existence of a condensate at a critical temperature, we explicitly show that Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and other fe…
Here we make an attempt to extend the idea of generalized Hawking temperature and modified Bekenstein entropy at the event horizon in a fractal universe. The modified Hawking temperature and Bekenstein entropy are considered in the governing Friedmann equations, which is modified in the background of a fractal universe. The validity of the Generalized second law of thermodynamics\,(GSLT) and Thermodynamic Equilibrium\,(TE) have been examined and compared graphically in a fractal universe filled with a perfect fluid having the constant equation of state in three different generalized Bekenstein…
In the realm of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, the thermodynamics of apparent horizon bridges with the usual FLRW (Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker) equation only for a special case where the matter field is given by a perfect fluid having equation of state (EoS) parameter $= -1$, i.e $p = -ρ$ with $ρ$ and $p$ represent the energy density and the pressure of the fluid, respectively. To include the case $p \neq -ρ$, we consider the modification of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy in the present work. In particular, we develop an entropy function that leads to the usual FLRW equations, for a $…
The black-hole information puzzle has attracted much attention over the years from both physicists and mathematicians. One of the most intriguing suggestions to resolve the information paradox is due to Bekenstein, who has stressed the fact that the low-energy part of the semi-classical black-hole emission spectrum is partly blocked by the curvature potential that surrounds the black hole. As explicitly shown by Bekenstein, this fact implies that the grey-body emission spectrum of a (3+1)-dimensional black hole is considerably less entropic than the corresponding radiation spectrum of a perfec…
One of the challenges of today's theoretical physics is to fully understand the connection between a geometrical object like area and a thermostatistical one like entropy, since area behaves analogously like entropy. The Bekenstein bound suggests a universal constraint for the entropy of a region in a flat space. The Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of black holes satisfies the Bekenstein bound conjecture. In this paper we have shown that when we use important non-Gaussian entropies, like the ones of Barrow, Tsallis and Kaniadakis in order to describe the Schwarzschild black hole, then the Bekenstei…
Hawking temperature has been widely utilised in the literature as the temperature that corresponds to various nonextensive entropies. In this study, we analyze the compatibility of the Hawking temperature with the nonextensive entropies. We demonstrate that, for every nonextensive entropy, one may define an effective temperature (which we call equilibrium temperature) by utilizing the equilibrium condition, and that there is always an additive equilibrium entropy associated with this effective temperature. Except for Bekenstein entropy, we show that Hawking temperature is thermodynamically inc…
We examine models of fermions with infinite-range interactions which realize non-Fermi liquids with a continuously variable U(1) charge density $\mathcal{Q}$, and a non-zero entropy density $\mathcal{S}$ at vanishing temperature. Real time correlators of operators carrying U(1) charge $q$ at a low temperature $T$ are characterized by a $\mathcal{Q}$-dependent frequency $ω_{\mathcal{S}} = (q \, T/\hbar) (\partial \mathcal{S}/\partial{\mathcal{Q}})$ which determines a spectral asymmetry. We show that the correlators match precisely with those of the AdS$_2$ horizons of extremal charged black hol…
While the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is the unique notion of entropy that makes classical black hole thermodynamics consistent, alternative entropy notions (Rényi, Tsallis, and generalized constructs) abound in the literature. We explore conditions under which they are part of a consistent horizon thermodynamics for certain classes of modified gravity black holes. We provide examples in which black hole masses and temperatures going hand-in-hand with these alternative entropies coincide with their usual counterparts associated with the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy.
