Traditional coding theory guarantees valid decoding only if a minority of symbols are adversarially manipulated. In contrast, the game of coding framework ensures reliable decoding, even in the presence of an adversarial majority. This formulation is motivated by emerging permissionless applications, particularly decentralized machine learning (DeML), where computation tasks are outsourced to external volunteer nodes that are predominantly rational and reward-seeking.
Prior investigations have analyzed the game of coding in the scalar setting. Since the results of most major computations in machine learning are vectors (e.g., computing the gradient of the loss for a machine learning model), we extend the framework in this paper to the general multi-dimensional Euclidean space. As a first, yet fundamental step, in this paper, we study a two-repetition code in which at least one node is controlled by a rational adversary, and we fully characterize the equilibrium and the optimal strategies of the players. Similar to the scalar case, this result serves as a cornerstone for addressing more general scenarios.
Optimal zero-delay coding (quantization) of $\mathbb{R}^d$-valued linearly generated Markov sources is studied under quadratic distortion. The structure and existence of deterministic and stationary coding policies that are optimal for the infinite horizon average cost (distortion) problem are established. Prior results studying the optimality of zero-delay codes for Markov sources for infinite horizons either considered finite alphabet sources or, for the $\mathbb{R}^d$-valued case, only showed the existence of deterministic and non-stationary Markov coding policies or those which are randomi…
School of Cyber Science and Engineering, SEIEE, SJTU(上海交通大学电子信息与电气工程学院网络空间安全学院)
Finding a counterfeit coin with the different weight from a set of visually identical coin using a balance, usually a two-armed balance, known as the balance question, is an intersting and inspiring question. Its variants involve diversified toolkits including information theory, coding theory, optimization, probabilistic theory, combinatorics and a lot of quick wits. In this paper some variants of the balance game are dicussed, especially from a probabilistic perspective. Unlike the gravity field setting, we adopt an electromagnetic field, where tighter bounds for some variants of the balance…