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arXiv 2601.03353hep-thgr-qc
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黑洞热力学在零无穷远处。第一部分:双广义第二定律

Black hole thermodynamics at null infinity. Part 1: Dual Generalized Second Law

Université de Lorraine(洛林大学);Université de Mons – UMONS(蒙斯大学)

Antoine Rignon-Bret, Matthieu Vilatte

AI总结:

本文从零无穷远处视角提出双广义第二定律,通过分析不同真空态,展示热力学势能取代广义熵作为不可逆演化的量,并与标准GSL结合。

摘要:

广义第二定律(GSL)断言黑洞热力学中广义熵的单调增加,该熵结合了黑洞面积和视界外量子场的熵。现代对GSL的证明依赖于信息论方法,并且通常使用在事件视界上定义的可观测性代数以及一个在视界对称性下不变的真空态,从而诱导出几何模ularity流。在本文中,我们从未来零无穷远处的渐近观察者视角出发,提出GSL的双版本,这些观察者无法访问黑洞面积。我们的方法利用了第二定律对可观测性代数和参考态选择的依赖性,与开放量子热力学有密切类比。利用代数量子场论和模ularity理论,我们分析了几个物理上激励的真空态,包括Hartle-Hawking态和两类正则化真空。我们证明,在零无穷远处,支配不可逆演化的单调量不再是广义熵,而是由渐近可观测性构造的热力学势能。根据所选真空,这种势能以自由能或由Bondi质量和其他(角)模式依赖的化学势构建的广义巨势形式出现。所得到的不等式定义了在未来零无穷远处的双广义第二定律,它可以与涉及黑洞面积变化的标准GSL一致地结合。

英文摘要:

The generalized second law (GSL) of black hole thermodynamics asserts the monotonic increase of the generalized entropy combining the black hole area and the entropy of quantum fields outside the horizon. Modern proofs of the GSL rely on information theoretic methods and are typically formulated using algebras of observables defined on the event horizon together with a vacuum state invariant under horizon symmetries, inducing a geometric modular flow. In this work, we formulate a dual version of the generalized second law from the perspective of asymptotic observers at future null infinity, who do not have access to the black hole area. Our approach exploits the dependence of the second law on the choice of algebra of observables and of a reference state invariant under suitable symmetries, in close analogy with open quantum thermodynamics. Using algebraic quantum field theory and modular theory, we analyze several physically motivated vacuum states, including the Hartle Hawking state and two classes of regularized vacua. We show that, at null infinity, the monotonic quantity governing an irreversible evolution is no longer the generalized entropy, but rather a thermodynamic potential constructed from asymptotic observables. Depending on the chosen vacuum, this potential takes the form of the free energy or of a generalized grand potential built from the Bondi mass and additional (angular) mode dependent chemical potentials. The resulting inequalities define a dual generalized second law at future null infinity, which can be consistently combined with the standard GSL involving variations of the black hole area.

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