Improving Transmon Qubit Performance with Fluorine-based Surface Treatments
Michael A. Gingras, Bethany M. Niedzielski, Kevin A. Grossklaus, Duncan Miller, Felipe Contipelli, Kate Azar, Luke D. Burkhart, Gregory Calusine, Daniel Davis, … 展开作者
Michael A. Gingras, Bethany M. Niedzielski, Kevin A. Grossklaus, Duncan Miller, Felipe Contipelli, Kate Azar, Luke D. Burkhart, Gregory Calusine, Daniel Davis, Renée DePencier Piñero, Jeffrey M. Gertler, Thomas M. Hazard, Cyrus F. Hirjibehedin, David K. Kim, Jeffrey M. Knecht, Alexander J. Melville, Christopher O'Connell, Robert A. Rood, Ali Sabbah, Hannah Stickler, Jonilyn L. Yoder, William D. Oliver, Mollie E. Schwartz, Kyle Serniak
Reducing materials and processing-induced decoherence is critical to the development of utility-scale quantum processors based on superconducting qubits. Here we report on the impact of two fluorine-based wet etches, which we use to treat the silicon surface underneath the Josephson junctions (JJs) of fixed-frequency transmon qubits made with aluminum base metallization. Using several materials analysis techniques, we demonstrate that these surface treatments can remove germanium residue introduced by our JJ fabrication with no other changes to the overall process flow. These surface treatments result in significantly improved energy relaxation times for the highest performing process, with median $T_1=334~μ$s, corresponding to quality factor $Q=6.6\times10^6$. This result suggests that the metal-substrate interface directly underneath the JJs was a major contributor to microwave loss in these transmon qubit circuits prior to integration of these surface treatments. Furthermore, this work illustrates how materials analysis can be used in conjunction with quantum device performance metrics to improve performance in superconducting qubits.
We characterize highly coherent transmon qubits fabricated with a direct-write photolithography system. Multi-layer evaporation and oxidation allows us to change the critical current density by reducing the effective tunneling area and increasing the barrier thickness. Surface treatments before resist application and again before evaporation result in high coherence devices. With optimized surface treatments we achieve energy relaxation $T_1$ times in excess of $80\ μ$s for three dimensional transmon qubits with Josephson junction lithographic areas of 2 $μ\mathrm{m}^2$.
One of the main limitations in state-of-the art solid-state quantum processors are qubit decoherence and relaxation due to noise in their local environment. For the field to advance towards full fault-tolerant quantum computing, a better understanding of the underlying microscopic noise sources is therefore needed. Adsorbates on surfaces, impurities at interfaces and material defects have been identified as sources of noise and dissipation in solid-state quantum devices. Here, we use an ultra-high vacuum package to study the impact of vacuum loading, UV-light exposure and ion irradiation treat…
With the long coherence time, the fixed-frequency transmon qubit is a promising qubit modality for quantum computing. Currently, diverse qubit architectures that utilize fixed-frequency transmon qubits have been demonstrated with high-fidelity gate performance. Nevertheless, the relaxation times of transmon qubits can have large temporal fluctuations, causing instabilities in gate performance. The fluctuations are often believed to be caused by nearly on-resonance couplings with sparse two-level-system (TLS) defects. To mitigate their impact on qubit coherence and gate performance, one direct …
Surface Optimization of Superconducting Aluminum Resonators for Robust Quantum Device Fabrication
Fraunhofer Institut für Elektronische Mikrosysteme und Festkörpertechnologien EMFT（弗劳恩霍夫电子微系统和固态技术研究所）；Center Integrated Sensor Systems (SENS), Universität der Bundeswehr München（联邦国防大学慕尼黑集成传感器系统中心）
Significant progress has been made in building large-scale superconducting quantum processors based on flip-chip technology. In this work, we use the flip-chip technology to realize a modified transmon qubit, donated as the "flipmon", whose large shunt capacitor is replaced by a vacuum-gap parallel plate capacitor. To further reduce the qubit footprint, we place one of the qubit pads and a single Josephson junction on the bottom chip and the other pad on the top chip which is galvanically connected with the single Josephson junction through an indium bump. The electric field participation rati…
Here we report the fabrication of stable, shallow (< 5 nm) nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond by nitrogen delta doping at the last stage of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth process. The NVs are stabilized after treating the diamond in $SF_6$ plasma, otherwise the color centers are not observed, suggesting a strong influence from the surface. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show the presence of only fluorine atoms on the surface, in contrast to previous studies, and suggests very good surface coverage. We managed to detect hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance signal…
Incorporating multi-qubit exchange coupling effects between transmon qubits in Maxwell-Schrödinger numerical methods
Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University（普渡大学埃尔莫电气与计算机工程学院）；Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University（普渡大学量子科学与工程研究所）
Characterization and Comparison of Energy Relaxation in Fluxonium Qubits
Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院林肯实验室）；Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院电子研究实验室）；Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院电气工程和计算机科学系）；Google Quantum AI（谷歌量子AI）
Quantum heat transfer through a generic superconducting set-up consisting of a tunable transmon qubit placed between resonators that are termined by thermal reservoirs is explored. Two types of architectures are considered, a sequential and a beam splitter setting. Applying the numerical exact hierarchical equation of motion (HEOM) approach, steady state properties are revealed, and experimentally relevant parameter sets are identified. Benchmark results are compared with predictions based on approximate treatments to demonstrate their failure in broad ranges of parameter space. These findings…
The impressive progress in fabricating and controlling superconducting devices for quantum information processing has reached a level where reliable theoretical predictions need to account for quantum correlations that are not captured by the conventional modeling of contemporary quantum computers. This applies particularly to the qubit initialization as the process which crucially limits typical operation times. Here we employ numerically exact methods to study realistic implementations of a transmon qubit embedded in electromagnetic environments focusing on the most important system-reservoi…
Gate-dependent offset charge shifts and anharmonicity in gatemon qubits in the weak tunneling regime
Laboratory for Physical Sciences（物理科学实验室）；Department of Physics, University of Maryland（马里兰大学物理系）；Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院林肯实验室）；Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院电子研究实验室）
For superconducting quantum processors consisting of low anharmonicity qubits such as transmons we give a complete microwave description of the system in the qubit subspace. We assume that the qubits are dispersively coupled to a distributed microwave structure such that the detunings of the qubits from the internal modes of the microwave structure are stronger than their couplings. We define qubit ports across the terminals of the Josephson junctions and drive ports where transmission lines carrying drive signals reach the chip and we obtain the multiport impedance response of the linear pass…
Parallel Quantum Chemistry on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Computers
Paderborn University（帕德博恩大学）；Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing, Paderborn University（帕德博恩大学并行计算中心）；Dynamics of Condensed Matter and Institute for Sustainable Systems Design, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Paderborn University（帕德博恩大学凝聚态动力学与可持续系统设计研究所理论化学教席）；Department for Computer Science, Paderborn University（帕德博恩大学计算机科学系）
