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arXiv 2501.13752astro-ph.GA
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ATLASGAL选定的内银河系大质量团块:XI. 温暖内部包层的形态与运动学

ATLASGAL-selected high-mass clumps in the inner Galaxy: XI. Morphology and kinematics of warm inner envelopes

Thanh Dat Hoang, Min-Young Lee, Friedrich Wyrowski, Agata Karska, Felipe Navarete, Karl M. Menten

AI总结:

本文利用APEX望远镜对ATLASGAL巡天中99个大质量团块的$^{13}$CO(6-5)发射进行成像,通过形态分类、径向结构拟合及多尺度运动学比较,揭示了温暖包层性质与恒星形成演化阶段的密切关系,并指出包层线性速度梯度起源复杂。

摘要:

(节略)大质量恒星胚胎嵌在温暖的包层中,这些包层为最终恒星上的吸积过程提供质量储库。恒星形成活动的反馈反过来影响包层的性质,为我们研究恒星形成过程提供了独特的机会。我们旨在基于$^{13}$CO(6-5)发射的形态和运动学,刻画处于不同演化阶段的原恒星或年轻恒星天体的温暖包层,并考察它们与恒星形成过程的关系。利用APEX望远镜,我们获得了朝向ATLASGAL巡天中99个大质量团块的角尺寸为80\" x 80\"的中-$J$ $^{13}$CO发射图像。我们根据形态复杂性对图像进行分类,并对简单的单核源刻画发射的径向结构。将发射的速度质心与小尺度和大尺度气体运动学进行比较,旨在揭示包层运动学的起源。在大质量恒星形成的所有阶段的天体中都探测到了$^{13}$CO(6-5)发射,整个样本的探测率为83%。探测率、线宽和线峰值随演化而增加,线光度与$L_{\mathrm{bol}}$和$M_{\mathrm{clump}}$强相关,表明$^{13}$CO(6-5)发射的激发与恒星形成过程密切相关。此外,单核源发射的径向分布可以用幂律函数很好地拟合,表明许多源的包层结构相对简单。至于包层运动学,线性速度梯度在单核源中很常见。我们对不同尺度运动学的比较表明,对于许多源来说,温暖包层中线性速度梯度的起源是复杂的且不清楚的。

英文摘要:

(Abridged) Massive stellar embryos are embedded in warm envelopes that provide mass reservoirs for the accretion process onto final stars. Feedback from star formation activities in return impacts the properties of the envelopes, offering us a unique opportunity to investigate star formation processes. We aim to characterise the warm envelopes of proto- or young stellar objects in different evolutionary stages based on the morphology and kinematics of the $^{13}$CO(6-5) emission and to examine their relations with star formation processes. Using the APEX telescope, we obtained maps of the mid-$J$ $^{13}$CO emission with an angular size of 80" x 80" towards 99 massive clumps from the ATLASGAL survey. Our maps are classified based on morphological complexities, and the radial structure of the emission is characterised for simple single-core sources. The velocity centroids of the emission are compared to small- and large-scale gas kinematics, aiming to shed light on the origin of envelope kinematics. $^{13}$CO(6-5) emission is detected towards sources in all stages of high-mass star formation, with a detection rate of 83% for the whole sample. The detection rate, line width, and line peak increase with evolution, and the line luminosity is strongly correlated with $L_{\mathrm{bol}}$ and $M_{\mathrm{clump}}$, indicating that the excitation of $^{13}$CO(6-5) emission is closely related to star formation processes. In addition, the radial distributions of the emission for single-core sources can be well fitted by power-law functions, suggesting a relatively simple envelope structure for many sources. As for the envelope kinematics, linear velocity gradients are common among the single-core sources. Our comparison of kinematics on different scales suggests that the origin of the linear velocity gradients in the warm envelopes is complex and unclear for many sources.

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