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arXiv 2501.13166astro-ph.EPastro-ph.GAastro-ph.SR
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自由漂浮行星通过行星-行星散射被抛射的性质

Properties of Free Floating Planets Ejected through Planet-Planet Scattering

Hareesh Gautham Bhaskar, Hagai Perets

AI总结:

本研究通过N体模拟发现,行星-行星散射可抛射40%-80%的行星,抛射速度2-6 km/s,且每颗恒星需形成5-10颗行星以解释观测到的自由漂浮行星数量。

摘要:

多项研究表明,行星-行星散射在行星系统的动力学演化中扮演着重要角色。例如,已有研究显示,行星-行星散射可以再现系外行星的偏心率分布。它也可能对当前自由漂浮行星的普查有所贡献。在本工作中,我们运行了一组行星系统的N体模拟集合,并记录了从系统中被抛射出的行星的性质。在我们的模拟中,我们采样了行星的轨道和物理性质的广泛范围。我们发现,通常有40%-80%的行星会从系统中被抛射出去,具体比例取决于系统初始的行星数量。大多数行星在约10^8-10^9年的时间尺度内被抛射。被抛射的行星相对于宿主恒星的平均过剩速度在2-6公里/秒的范围内。从系统抛射出的行星的过剩速度强烈依赖于最内层行星的半长轴。我们发现,无论它们在行星系统中的初始位置如何,所有行星被抛射的可能性是均等的。此外,束缚行星和被抛射行星具有不同的质量分布,束缚行星比被抛射行星质量更大。另外,增大行星的半径会降低抛射比例。被抛射行星的性质并不强烈依赖于行星之间的初始间距。抛射发生的时间尺度确实随着行星初始间距的增大而增加。我们还发现,抛射比例并不强烈依赖于行星被视为非束缚的距宿主恒星的距离。最后,我们将我们的结果与观测到的自由漂浮行星种群进行了比较。我们得出结论,平均每颗恒星周围应形成5-10颗行星,才能再现观测结果。

英文摘要:

Multiple studies have shown that planet-planet scattering plays an important role in the dynamical evolution of planetary systems. For instance, it has been shown that planet-planet scattering can reproduce the eccentricity distribution of exoplanets. It can also contribute to the current census of free floating planets. In this work we run an ensemble of N-body simulations of planetary systems, and record the properties of planets which are ejected from the system. In our simulations we sample a wide range of orbital and physical properties of the planets. We find that in general $40-80\%$ of the planets are ejected from the system depending on the number of planets initially in the system. Most of the planets are ejected over a timescale of $\sim 10^8-10^9$ years. The ejected planets have a mean excess velocity in the range of 2-6 km/sec with respect to the host star. The excess velocities of the planets ejected from the system strongly depends on the semi-major axis of the inner most planet. We find that irrespective of their initial location in the planetary system, all planets are equally likely to be ejected from the system. Also, bound and ejected planets have distinct mass distributions, with bound planets being more massive than ejected planets. In addition, increasing the radii of the planets reduces the ejection fraction. The properties of the ejected planets do not strongly depend on the initial spacing between the planets. The timescale over which ejections happen does increase with the initial separation between the planets. We also find that the ejection fraction does not strongly depend on the distance from the host star beyond which the planets are considered unbound. Finally, we compared our results with observed populations of free floating planets. We conclude that on average 5-10 planets should form around each star to reproduce the observations.

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