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arXiv 1609.04010astro-ph.EP
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根据微透镜、径向速度和直接成像测量结果的综合来限制自由浮动行星的频率

Constraining the Frequency of Free-Floating Planets from a Synthesis of Microlensing, Radial Velocity, and Direct Imaging Survey Results

Christian Clanton, B. Scott Gaudi

摘要:

Sumi等人(2011年)的微透镜观测显示,相对于已知恒星星族的预期,短时间尺度事件(STE; t_E<2天)过多,并且幂律平滑外推到棕矮星区域。这种过剩被解释为~ 10天文单位质量的天体数量几乎是主序星数量的两倍;然而,单凭微透镜数据无法区分大分离(a>~10天文单位)和自由漂浮的行星。假设这些STE确实是由于行星质量的物体,我们的目标是限制这些事件的一部分,可以解释的约束,但广泛的分离行星。我们适合所观察到的时间尺度分布与透镜质量函数组成的褐矮星,主序星,恒星残骸,发现,从而证实了最初的识别过量的STES。然后,我们包括一个人口的绑定行星,预计不会显示签名的主透镜(主机)在其微透镜光变曲线,也是一致的结果,从代表性的微透镜,径向速度,和直接成像调查。我们发现,约束行星本身不能解释整个STE过剩,而不违反我们考虑的调查的约束,因此这些事件的一部分必须是由于自由浮动的行星,如果我们的模型约束行星成立。我们估计,由于自由浮动的行星STE的中位数分数为f=0.67(0.23-0.85,95%的置信度)时,假设“热启动”的行星进化模型和f=0.58(0.14-0.83,95%的置信度)的“冷启动”模型。假设质量为m_p=2 M_Jup的自由漂浮行星的δ函数分布,在“热启动”情况下,每颗主序星的自由漂浮行星数量为N=1.4(95%置信度时为0.48-1.8),在“冷启动”情况下,N=1.2(95%置信度时为0.29-1.8)。

英文摘要:

A microlensing survey by Sumi et al. (2011) exhibits an overabundance of short-timescale events (STEs; t_E<2 days) relative to what is expected from known stellar populations and a smooth power-law extrapolation down to the brown dwarf regime. This excess has been interpreted as a population of ~Jupiter-mass objects that outnumber main-sequence stars by nearly twofold; however the microlensing data alone cannot distinguish between events due to wide-separation (a>~10 AU) and free-floating planets. Assuming these STEs are indeed due to planetary-mass objects, we aim to constrain the fraction of these events that can be explained by bound but wide-separation planets. We fit the observed timescale distribution with a lens mass function comprised of brown dwarfs, main-sequence stars, and stellar remnants, finding and thus corroborating the initial identification of an excess of STEs. We then include a population of bound planets that are expected not to show signatures of the primary lens (host) in their microlensing light curves and that are also consistent with results from representative microlensing, radial velocity, and direct imaging surveys. We find that bound planets alone cannot explain the entire STE excess without violating the constraints from the surveys we consider and thus some fraction of these events must be due to free-floating planets, if our model for bound planets holds. We estimate a median fraction of STEs due to free-floating planets to be f=0.67 (0.23-0.85 at 95% confidence) when assuming "hot-start" planet evolutionary models and f=0.58 (0.14-0.83 at 95% confidence) for "cold-start" models. Assuming a delta-function distribution of free-floating planets of mass m_p=2 M_Jup yields a number of free-floating planets per main-sequence star of N=1.4 (0.48-1.8 at 95% confidence) in the "hot-start" case and N=1.2 (0.29-1.8 at 95% confidence) in the "cold-start" case.

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