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arXiv 2407.05992astro-ph.EPastro-ph.GAastro-ph.SR
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根据真实初始条件预测银河系自由漂浮行星的种群

Predicting the Galactic population of free-floating planets from realistic initial conditions

Gavin A. L. Coleman, William DeRocco

AI总结:

基于真实初始条件,通过模拟多种形成路径预测银河系自由漂浮行星的质量分布,发现双星相互作用主导地球以上质量,行星散射主导火星以下质量,并指出现有亚地球质量外推可能高估丰度。

摘要:

我们首次提出了银河系自由漂浮行星(FFPs)的质量分布函数的预测,旨在准确纳入多种形成路径和恒星种群的相对贡献。我们基于对环绕双星系统中行星的诞生、生长、迁移和抛射的专门模拟推导出我们的预测分布,并将这些结果扩展到也包括单星和宽双星系统的贡献。我们得到的FFP质量分布显示出几个显著特征,包括在$\u223c 8 M_{\oplus}$处由卵石吸积与气体吸积机制转变引起的强峰,以及在$\u223c 1 M_{\oplus}$处由主导抛射过程从行星-行星散射转变为通过与环绕双星系统中的恒星相互作用而抛射引起的谷。我们发现,在紧密环绕双星系统中与中央双星的相互作用可能是质量大于地球的FFPs的主要前身,导致质量上的陡峭幂律依赖,这与现有观测结果吻合良好。相反,我们发现单星和宽双星系统中的行星-行星散射事件可能产生火星质量及以下的大多数行星,导致较平缓的幂律依赖。我们的结果表明,现有的对亚地球质量范围的推断可能显著高估了真实的FFP丰度。我们预测的FFP质量分布中的特征将被即将进行的空间微透镜巡天所探测到,如果观测到,将为FFPs的起源及其形成环境提供关键见解。

英文摘要:

We present the first prediction for the mass distribution function of Galactic free-floating planets (FFPs) that aims to accurately include the relative contributions of multiple formation pathways and stellar populations. We derive our predicted distribution from dedicated simulations of planet birth, growth, migration, and ejection around circumbinary systems and extend these results to also include the contributions from single and wide binary systems. Our resulting FFP mass distribution shows several distinct features, including a strong peak at $\sim 8 M_{\oplus}$ arising from the transition between pebble and gas accretion regimes and a trough at $\sim 1 M_{\oplus}$ due to the shift in the dominant ejection process from planet-planet scattering to ejection through interactions with stars in circumbinary systems. We find that interactions with the central binary in close circumbinary systems are likely the dominant progenitor for FFPs more massive than Earth, leading to a steep power-law dependence in mass that agrees well with existing observations. In contrast, we find planet-planet scattering events in single and wide binary systems likely produce the majority of planets at Mars mass and below, resulting in a shallower power-law dependence. Our results suggest that existing extrapolations into the sub-terrestrial mass range may significantly overestimate the true FFP abundance. The features we predict in the mass distribution of FFPs will be detectable by upcoming space-based microlensing surveys and, if observed, will provide key insight into the origins of FFPs and the environments in which they form.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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