植被往往仅被理解为长期气候条件的结果。然而，植被本身通过调节整个陆地景观的能量、水和生物地球化学循环，在塑造地球气候方面发挥着基础性作用。它通过改变地表粗糙度、经由蒸腾和截留消耗大量水资源、降低大气 CO2 浓度，以及控制净辐射及其在感热通量和潜热通量之间的分配来施加影响。这种影响通过大气传播，从小气候尺度延伸至整个大气边界层，随后影响大尺度环流以及热量和水汽的全球输送。理解多尺度上的植被与大气反馈，对于预测土地利用和覆盖变化的影响，以及在气候模型中准确表征这些过程至关重要。这篇简短综述旨在讨论植被在不同空间和时间尺度上调节气候的机制。特别是，我们从趋势和干旱、热浪等极端事件两个方面，评估植被对环流型、降水和温度的影响。主要目标是强调当前科学状况，并回顾近期研究，这些研究或有助于推进我们对植被反馈及其在气候中作用的共同理解。
英文摘要：
Vegetation often understood merely as the result of long-term climate conditions. However, vegetation itself plays a fundamental role in shaping Earth's climate by regulating the energy, water, and biogeochemical cycles across terrestrial landscapes. It exerts influence by altering surface roughness, consuming significant water resources through transpiration and interception, lowering atmospheric CO2 concentration, and controlling net radiation and its partitioning into sensible and latent heat fluxes. This influence propagates through the atmosphere, from microclimate scales to the entire atmospheric boundary layer, subsequently impacting large-scale circulation and the global transport of heat and moisture. Understanding the feedbacks between vegetation and atmosphere across multiple scales is crucial for predicting the influence of land use and cover changes and for accurately representing these processes in climate models. This short review aims to discuss the mechanisms through which vegetation modulates climate across spatial and temporal scales. Particularly, we evaluate the influence of vegetation on circulation patterns, precipitation and temperature, both in terms of trends and extreme events, such as droughts and heatwaves. The main goal is to highlight the state of science and review recent studies that may help advance our collective understanding of vegetation feedbacks and the role they play in climate.
Image Processing Laboratory (IPL)（图像处理实验室（IPL））；Universitat de València（瓦伦西亚大学）
Global warming is leading to unprecedented changes in our planet, with great societal, economical and environmental implications, especially with the growing demand of biofuels and food. Assessing the impact of climate on vegetation is of pressing need. We approached the attribution problem with a novel nonlinear Granger causal (GC) methodology and used a large data archive of remote sensing satellite products, environmental and climatic variables spatio-temporally gridded over more than 30 years. We generalize kernel Granger causality by considering the variables cross-relations explicitly in…
Amazon forest dieback is seen as a potential tipping point under climate change. These concerns are partly based-on an early coupled climate-carbon cycle simulation, that produced unusually strong drying and warming in Amazonia. In contrast, the 5th generation Earth System Models (CMIP5) produced few examples of Amazon dieback under climate change. Here we examine results from seven 6th generation models (CMIP6) which include vegetation dynamics, and in some cases interactive forest fires. Although these models typically project increases in area-mean forest carbon across Amazonia under CO2-in…
Dynamics of Urban Heat Island in Lafia, Nasarawa State of Nigeria: A Remote Sensing Analysis of Land Surface Temperature, Urban Development and Vegetation Change
On the Methodology for Assessing Vegetation Impacts on the Atmospheric Branch of the Hydrological Cycle
Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, St. Petersburg, Russia（圣彼得堡国家研究中心“库尔恰托夫研究所”核物理研究所理论物理部）；Biotic Pump Greening Group Institute, São José dos Campos, Brazil（生物泵绿化集团研究所）；General Coordination of Research and Development, National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, Brazil（国家自然灾害监测与预警中心（CEMADEN）研发总协调处）；Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil（里约热内卢联邦大学）
A stable hothouse triggered by a tipping mechanism
Brevan Howard Centre for Financial Analysis, Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London（帝国理工学院商业学院布雷文·霍华德金融分析中心）；Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (CNRS & IPSL), Ecole Polytechnique（巴黎综合理工学院动力气象学实验室（法国国家科学研究中心与IPSL））；Unit of Theoretical Chronobiology, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles（布鲁塞尔自由大学理学院理论时间生物学单元）；Geosciences Department and Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (CNRS & IPSL), Ecole Normale Supérieure and PSL University（巴黎高等师范学院和PSL大学地质科学系及动力气象学实验室（法国国家科学研究中心与IPSL））；Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles（加州大学洛杉矶分校大气与海洋科学系）；Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London（帝国理工学院数学系）
When the climate system is forced, e.g. by emission of greenhouse gases, it responds on multiple time scales. As temperatures rise, feedback processes might intensify or weaken. Current methods to analyze feedback strength, however, do not take such state dependency into account; they only consider changes in (global mean) temperature and assume all feedbacks are linearly related to that. This makes (transient) changes in feedback strengths almost intangible and generally leads to underestimation of future warming. Here, we present a multivariate (and spatially explicit) framework that facilit…
Increased demand for water resources together with the influence of climate change has degraded water conditions which support vegetation in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semiarid areas. This study develops an integrated framework to assess the impact of precipitation and groundwater on vegetation growth in the Xiliao River Plain of northern China. The integrated framework systematically combines remote sensing technology with water flow modeling in the vadose zone and field data analysis. The vegetation growth is quantitatively evaluated with the remote sensing data by the N…
In this paper we derive a new formula for the global temperature change and major feedback portions in the climate response. In our earlier paper we calculated from the experimental values the sensitivity about ${\rm 0.058~K/(W/m^2)}$. This means the negative feedback which reduced the sensitivity by factor $2.13$. In this paper we explain and derive the major portions in the feedback coefficient using the observed energy budget at the top of the climate and on the surface of the earth. The results also support strongly our earlier results of the low climate sensitivity ($ΔT_{\rm 2CO_2}\approx…
The Sun becomes brighter with time, but Earth's climate is roughly temperate for life during its long-term history; for early Earth, this is known as the Faint Young Sun Problem (FYSP). Besides the carbonate-silicate feedback, recent researches suggest that a long-term cloud feedback may partially solve the FYSP. However, the general circulation models they used cannot resolve convection and clouds explicitly. This study re-investigates the clouds using a near-global cloud-permitting model without cumulus convection parameterization. Our results confirm that a stabilizing shortwave cloud feedb…
Emergent constraints use relationships between future and current climate states to constrain projections of climate response. Here, we introduce a statistical, hierarchical emergent constraint (HEC) framework in order to link future and current climate with observations. Under Gaussian assumptions, the mean and variance of the future state is shown analytically to be a function of the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio between data-model error and current-climate uncertainty, and the correlation between future and current climate states. We apply the HEC to the climate-change, snow-albedo feedback, …
Anthropogenic Heat in Urban Climate Systems: Forcing, Sensitivity, and Feedback
Institute of Science Tokyo（东京科学大学）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）；National Institute for Environmental Studies（国立环境研究所）；Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Boston University（波士顿大学）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）
Freshwater forcing from a retreating Antarctic Ice Sheet could have a wide range of impacts on future global climate. Here, we report on multi-century (present-2250) climate simulations performed using a fully coupled numerical model integrated under future greenhouse gas emissions scenarios IPCC RCP4.5 and 8.5, with meltwater discharge provided by a dynamic-thermodynamic ice sheet model. Accounting for Antarctica's meltwater contribution raises sub-surface ocean temperatures by 1 C at the ice margin, beyond rates currently projected. In contrast, 2-10 C cooler surface air and ocean temperatur…
By reflecting solar radiation and reducing longwave emissions, clouds regulate the earth's radiation budget, impacting atmospheric circulation and cloud dynamics. Given the diurnal fluctuation of shortwave and longwave radiation, a shift in the cloud cycle phase (CCP) may lead to substantial feedbacks to the climate system. While most efforts have focused on the overall cloud feedback, the response of CCP to climate change has received much less attention. Here we analyze the variations of CCP using both long-term global satellite records and general circulation models (GCM) simulations to eva…
Stochastic schemes, designed to represent unresolved sub-grid scale variability, are frequently used in short and medium-range weather forecasts, where they are found to improve several aspects of the model. In recent years, the impact of stochastic physics has also been found to be beneficial for the model's long term climate. In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time that the inclusion of a stochastic physics scheme can notably affect a model's projection of global warming, as well as its historical climatological global temperature. Specifically, we find that when including the 'stoc…
Colorado State University（科罗拉多州立大学）；Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory（劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室）；Met Office Hadley Centre（英国气象局哈德莱中心）；University of Leeds（利兹大学）
Increases in atmospheric CO2 and CH4 result from a combination of forcing from anthropogenic emissions and Earth System feedbacks that reduce or amplify the effects of those emissions on atmospheric concentrations. Despite decades of research carbon-climate feedbacks remain poorly quantified. The impact of these uncertainties on future climate are of increasing concern, especially in the wake of recent climate negotiations. Emissions, long concentrated in the developed world, are now shifting to developing countries, where the emissions inventories have larger uncertainties. The fraction of an…
Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are valuable tools that consider the interactions between socioeconomic systems and the climate system. Decision-makers and policy analysts employ IAMs to calculate the marginalized monetary cost of climate damages resulting from an incremental emission of a greenhouse gas. Used within the context of regulating anthropogenic methane emissions, this metric is called the social cost of methane (SC-CH$_4$). Because several key IAMs used for social cost estimation contain a simplified model structure that prevents the endogenous modeling of non-CO$_2$ greenhouse…
In this paper we analyse a dynamical system based on the so-called KCG (Källén, Crafoord, Ghil) conceptual climate model. This model describes an evolution of the globally averaged temperature and the average extent of the ice sheets. In the nondimensional form the model is prone to several simplifications facilitating the subsequent analysis. We consider the limiting case of the stationary snow line for which the phase plane can be completely analysed and the type of each stationary point can be determined. One of them can exhibit the Hopf bifurcation for which occurrence we find the sufficie…
Considerations of Earth climate sensitivity based on peculiarities of planetary heat capacity using system identification method: Runaway greenhouse effect scenario is still possible
