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arXiv 2407.08461cond-mat.stat-mechmath.PR
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限制势中的分数布朗运动:非平衡分布尾部与最优涨落

Fractional Brownian motion in confining potentials: non-equilibrium distribution tails and optimal fluctuations

Baruch Meerson, Pavel V. Sasorov

AI总结:

本文利用最优涨落方法研究限制势中分数布朗运动的非平衡稳态分布尾部,解析确定尾部指数因子,并开发数值算法处理奇异路径,揭示非平衡特性与时间可逆性破坏。

摘要:

在长时间极限下,处于限制性外势中的分数布朗粒子会达到非平衡(非玻尔兹曼)稳态。本文考虑尺度不变幂律势$V(x)\sim |x|^m$(其中$m>0$),并采用最优涨落方法(OFM)来确定粒子位置稳态概率分布$\mathcal{P}(x)$的大$|x|$尾部。计算涉及通过最小化该系统的精确作用泛函(该泛函近期已可得)来寻找决定这些尾部的最优(即最可能)粒子路径。利用模型的动力学尺度不变性与OFM假设相结合,我们建立了$\ln \mathcal{P}(x)$的大$|x|$尾部,直至一个无量纲因子$\alpha(H,m)$,其中$0<H<1$为赫斯特指数。我们在以下情形解析地确定了$\alpha(H,m)$:(i)在$H\to 0$和$H\to 1$的极限下;(ii)对于$m=2$和任意$H$,对应于分数奥恩斯坦-乌伦贝克(fOU)过程。我们对fOU过程的结果与先前已知的精确$\mathcal{P}(x)$和自协方差一致。$\mathcal{P}(x)$尾部的形式给出了粒子在势中限制的精确条件,以$H$和$m$表示。对于$H\neq 1/2$,尾部编码了稳态分布的非平衡特征,我们观察到除$m=2$外系统时间可逆性的破坏。为了计算任意允许的$H$和$m$下的最优路径和因子$\alpha(H,m)$,需要求解一个(一般非线性的)积分微分方程。为此,我们开发了一种专门的数值迭代算法,该算法解析地处理了$H<1/2$时最优路径的内在尖点奇异性。

英文摘要:

At long times, a fractional Brownian particle in a confining external potential reaches a non-equilibrium (non-Boltzmann) steady state. Here we consider scale-invariant power-law potentials $V(x)\sim |x|^m$, where $m>0$, and employ the optimal fluctuation method (OFM) to determine the large-$|x|$ tails of the steady-state probability distribution $\mathcal{P}(x)$ of the particle position. The calculations involve finding the optimal (that is, the most likely) path of the particle, which determines these tails, via a minimization of the exact action functional for this system, which has recently become available. Exploiting dynamical scale invariance of the model in conjunction with the OFM ansatz, we establish the large-$|x|$ tails of $\ln \mathcal{P}(x)$ up to a dimensionless factor $α(H,m)$, where $0<H<1$ is the Hurst exponent. We determine $α(H,m)$ analytically (i) in the limits of $H\to 0$ and $H\to 1$, and (ii) for $m=2$ and arbitrary $H$, corresponding to the fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (fOU) process. Our results for the fOU process are in agreement with the previously known exact $\mathcal{P}(x)$ and autocovariance. The form of the tails of $\mathcal{P}(x)$ yields exact conditions, in terms of $H$ and $m$, for the particle confinement in the potential. For $H\neq 1/2$, the tails encode the non-equilibrium character of the steady state distribution, and we observe violation of time reversibility of the system except for $m=2$. To compute the optimal paths and the factor $α(H,m)$ for arbitrary permissible $H$ and $m$, one needs to solve an (in general nonlinear) integro-differential equation. To this end we develop a specialized numerical iteration algorithm which accounts analytically for an intrinsic cusp singularity of the optimal paths for $H<1/2$.

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