The large-scale structure around the Fornax-Eridanus Complex
Maria Angela Raj, Petra Awad, Reynier F. Peletier, Rory Smith, Ulrike Kuchner, Rien van de Weygaert, Noam I. Libeskind, Marco Canducci, Peter Tino, Kerstin Bunte
备注：
Accepted for publication in A&A. 21 pages with 15 figures
Our objectives are to map the filamentary network around the Fornax-Eridanus Complex and probe the influence of the local environment on galaxy morphology. We employ the novel machine-learning tool, 1-DREAM (1-Dimensional, Recovery, Extraction, and Analysis of Manifolds) to detect and model filaments around the Fornax cluster. We then use the morphology-density relation of galaxies to examine the variation in the galaxies' morphology with respect to their distance from the central axis of the detected filaments. We detect 27 filaments that vary in length and galaxy-number density around the Fornax-Eridanus Complex. These filaments showcase a variety of environments; some filaments encompass groups/clusters, while others are only inhabited by galaxies in pristine filamentary environments. We also reveal a well-known structure -- the Fornax Wall, that passes through the Dorado group, Fornax cluster, and Eridanus supergroup. Regarding the morphology of galaxies, we find that early-type galaxies (ETGs) populate high-density filaments and high-density regions of the Fornax Wall. Furthermore, the fraction of ETGs decreases as the distance to the filament spine increases. Of the total galaxy population in filaments, ~7% are ETGs and ~24% are late-type galaxies (LTGs) located in pristine environments of filaments, while ~27% are ETGs and ~42% are LTGs in groups/clusters within filaments. This study reveals the Cosmic Web around the Fornax Cluster and asserts that filamentary environments are heterogeneous in nature. When investigating the role of the environment on galaxy morphology, it is essential to consider both, the local number-density and a galaxy's proximity to the filament spine. Within this framework, we ascribe the observed morphological segregation in the Fornax Wall to pre-processing of galaxies within groups embedded in it.
The influence of the Cosmic Web on the properties of dwarf galaxies in the Fornax-Eridanus Supercluster
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen（格罗宁根大学卡皮坦天文研究所）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias（加那利天体物理研究所）；Leiden Observatory, Leiden University（莱顿大学莱顿天文台）；Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María（费德里科·圣玛丽亚技术大学）
We report the discovery of tidal tails around the two outer halo globular clusters, Eridanus and Palomar 15, based on $gi$-band images obtained with DECam at the CTIO 4-m Blanco Telescope. The tidal tails are among the most remote stellar streams presently known in the Milky Way halo. Cluster members have been determined from the color-magnitude diagrams and used to establish the radial density profiles, which show, in both cases, a strong departure in the outer regions from the best-fit King profile. Spatial density maps reveal tidal tails stretching out on opposite sides of both clusters, ex…
Most ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs) and very massive globular clusters reside in nearby galaxy clusters or around nearby giant galaxies. Due to their distance (>Mpc) and compactness (r_eff<100pc) they are barely resolved, and thus it is difficult to obtain their internal properties. Here I present our most recent attempts to constrain the mass function, stellar content and dynamical state of UCDs in the Fornax cluster. Thanks to radial velocity membership assignment of ~950 globular clusters (GCs) and UCDs in the core of Fornax, the shape of their mass function is well constrained. It is …
The Fornax cluster provides an unparalleled opportunity to investigate in detail the formation and evolution of early-type galaxies in a dense environment. We aim at kinematically characterizing photometrically detected globular cluster (GC) candidates in the core of the cluster. We used the VLT/VIMOS spectroscopic data from the FVSS survey in the Fornax cluster, covering one square degree around the central massive galaxy NGC 1399. We confirmed a total of 777 GCs, almost doubling the previously detected GCs, using the same dataset by Pota et al. (2018). Combined with previous literature radia…
We present a novel analysis of the internal kinematics of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy. Our results are based on the largest sample of spectroscopic data for Fornax stars presently available ($> 2500$ stars), for which we have chemical and kinematic information. We introduce new software, Beacon, designed to detect chemo-kinematic patterns among stars of different stellar populations using their metallicity and velocity along the line of sight. Applying Beacon to Fornax we have detected non-negligible rotation signals around main optical axes of the galaxy, characteristic for a triaxial …
The S-PLUS Fornax Project (S+FP): An extragalactic catalog covering $\sim$ 5 virial radii around NGC 1399 with galaxy properties
Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata, UNLP-CONICET（拉普拉塔天体物理研究所，UNLP-CONICET）；Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata（拉普拉塔国立大学天文与地球物理科学学院）；Departamento de Astronomia, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas da USP（圣保罗大学天文、地球物理与大气科学系）
The Eridanus II (EriII) 'ultra-faint' dwarf has a large ($15\,\text{pc}$) and low mass ($4.3\times10^3\,\text{M}_\odot$) star cluster (SC) offset from its centre by $23\pm3\,\text{pc}$ in projection. Its size and offset are naturally explained if EriII has a central dark matter core, but such a core may be challenging to explain in a $Λ$CDM cosmology. In this paper, we revisit the survival and evolution of EriII's SC, focussing for the first time on its puzzlingly large ellipticity ($0.31^{+0.05}_{-0.06}$). We perform a suite of 960 direct $N$-body simulations of SCs, orbiting within a range o…
The Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy is the most massive satellites of the Milky Way, claimed to be embedded in a huge dark matter halo, and the only among the Milky Way satellites hosting five globular clusters. Interestingly, their estimated masses, ages and positions seem hardly compatible with the presence of a significant dark matter component, as expected in the $Λ$ CDM scheme. Indeed, if Fornax would have a CDM halo with a standard density profile, all its globular clusters should have sunk to the galactic centre many Gyr ago due to dynamical friction. Due to this, some authors proposed t…
Estimates of the mass distribution and dark-matter (DM) content of dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) are usually derived under the assumption that the effect of the tidal field of the host galaxy is negligible over the radial extent probed by kinematic data-sets. We assess the implications of this assumption in the specific case of the Fornax dSph by means of N-body simulations of a satellite orbiting around the Milky Way. We consider observationally-motivated orbits and we tailor the initial distributions of the satellite's stars and DM to match, at the end of the simulations, the observed st…
The Fornax Deep Survey (FDS), an imaging survey in the u', g', r', and i'-bands, has a supreme resolution and image depth compared to the previous spatially complete Fornax Cluster Catalog (FCC). Our new data allows us to study the galaxies down to r'-band magnitude m$_{r'}\approx$21 mag (M$_{r'}\approx$-10.5 mag). These data provide an important legacy dataset to study the Fornax cluster. We aim to present the Fornax Deep Survey (FDS) dwarf galaxy catalog, focusing on explaining the data reduction and calibrations, assessing the quality of the data, and describing the methods used for definin…
Fornax dwarf spheroidal in MOND: its formation and the survival of its globular clusters
Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade（贝尔格莱德天文台）；Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, University of Saint Andrews（苏格兰大学物理联盟，圣安德鲁斯大学）；Imperial Centre for Inference and Cosmology (ICIC), Department of Physics, Imperial College（帝国理工学院物理系推断与宇宙学中心）；CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学院星系与宇宙学重点实验室，中国科学技术大学天文学系）；Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学天文学系）
As part of the Fornax Deep Survey with the ESO VLT Survey Telescope, we present new $g$ and $r$ bands mosaics of the SW group of the Fornax cluster. It covers an area of $3 \times 2$ square degrees around the central galaxy NGC1316. The deep photometry, the high spatial resolution of OmegaCam and the large covered area allow us to study the galaxy structure, to trace stellar halo formation and look at the galaxy environment. We map the surface brightness profile out to 33arcmin ($\sim 200$kpc $\sim15R_e$) from the galaxy centre, down to $μ_g \sim 31$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$ and $μ_r \sim 29$ mag arc…
We present the analysis of 61 nucleated dwarf galaxies in the central regions ($<R_{\rm vir}/4$) of the Fornax galaxy cluster. The galaxies and their nuclei are studied as part of the Next Generation Fornax Survey (NGFS) using optical imaging obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) mounted at Blanco/CTIO and near-infrared data obtained with VIRCam at VISTA/ESO. We decompose the nucleated dwarfs in nucleus and spheroid, after subtracting the surface brightness profile of the spheroid component and studying the nucleus using PSF photometry.In general, nuclei are consistent with colors of co…
We present a new derivation of the star formation history (SFH) of the dSph galaxy Fornax in two central regions, characterised by unprecedented precision and age resolution. It reveals that star formation has proceeded in sharp bursts separated by periods of low-level or quiescent activity. The SFH was derived through colour-magnitude diagram (CMD) fitting of two extremely deep Hubble Space Telescope CMDs, sampling the centre and one core radius. The attained age resolution allowed us to single out a major star formation episode at early times, a second strong burst $4.6\pm0.4$ Gyr ago and re…
[Abrigded] We have started a new deep, multi-imaging survey of the Fornax cluster, dubbed Fornax Deep Survey (FDS), at the VLT Survey Telescope. In this paper we present the deep photometry inside two square degrees around the bright galaxy NGC1399 in the core of the cluster. We found a very extended and diffuse envelope surrounding the luminous galaxy NGC1399: we map the surface brightness out to 33 arcmin (~ 192 kpc) from the galaxy center and down to about 31 mag/arcsec^2 in the g band. The deep photometry allows us to detect a faint stellar bridge in the intracluster region between NGC1399…
We present radial velocities and [Fe/H] abundances for 340 stars in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal from R~16,000 spectra. The targets have been obtained in the outer parts of the galaxy, a region which has been poorly studied before. Our sample shows a wide range in [Fe/H], between -0.5 and -3.0 dex, in which we detect three subgroups. Removal of stars belonging to the most metal-rich population produces a truncated metallicity distribution function that is identical to Sculptor, indicating that these systems have shared a similar early evolution, only that Fornax experienced a late, intense peri…
We present the results of a wide spectroscopic survey aimed at detecting extragalactic globular clusters (GCs) in the core of the Fornax cluster. About 4500 low resolution spectra (from 4800 to 10000 Å) were observed in 25 VLT/VIMOS masks covering the central 1 deg$^{2}$ around the dominant galaxy NGC 1399 corresponding to $\sim$175 kpc galactocentric radius. We describe the methodology used for data reduction and data analysis. We found a total of 387 unique physical objects (372 GCs and 15 ultra compact dwarfs) in the field covered by our observations. Most of these objects are associated wi…
Simulations of ultralight, $\sim 10^{-22}\,\rm eV$, bosonic dark matter exhibit rich wave-like structure, including a soliton core within a surrounding halo that continuously self-interferes on the de Broglie scale. We show here that as an inherent consequence, the soliton undergoes a confined random walk at the base of the halo potential. This is significant for the fate of the ancient central star cluster in Eridanus II, as the agitated soliton gravitationally shakes the star cluster in and out of the soliton on a time scale of $\sim 100\,\rm Myr$, so complete tidal disruption of the star cl…
This paper continues the series of the Fornax Deep Survey (FDS). Following the previous studies dedicated to extended Fornax cluster members, we present the catalogs of compact stellar systems in the Fornax cluster as well as extended background sources and point-like sources. We derive ugri photometry of ~1.7 million sources over the $\sim$21 sq. degree area of FDS centered on NGC1399. For a wider area, of $\sim$27 sq. degs extending in the direction of NGC1316, we provide gri data for ~3.1 million sources. To improve the morphological characterization of sources we generate multi-band image …
This paper is based on the multi-band (ugri) Fornax Deep Survey (FDS) with the VLT Survey Telescope (VST). We study bright early-type galaxies (m_B<15 mag) in the 9 square degrees around the core of the Fornax cluster, which covers the virial radius. The main goal of the present work is to provide the analysis of the light distribution for all galaxies out to unprecedented limits (in radius and surface brightness) and to release the main products resulting from this analysis in all FDS bands. From the isophote fit, we derive the azimuthally averaged surface brightness profiles, the position an…
We present the Star Formation History (SFH) and the age-metallicity relation (AMR) in three fields of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy. They sample a region spanning from the centre of the galaxy to beyond one core radius, which allows studying galactocentric gradients. In all the cases, we found stars as old as 12 Gyr, together with intermediate-age and young stellar populations. The last star formation events, as young as 1 Gyr old, are mainly located in the central region, which may indicate that the gas reservoir in the outer parts of the galaxy would have been exhausted earlier than in …
Recently, high-dispersion spectroscopy has demonstrated conclusively that four of the five globular clusters (GCs) in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy are very metal-poor with [Fe/H]<-2. The remaining cluster, Fornax 4, has [Fe/H]=-1.4. This is in stark contrast to the field star metallicity distribution which shows a broad peak around [Fe/H]=-1 with only a few percent of the stars having [Fe/H]<-2. If we only consider stars and clusters with [Fe/H]<-2 we thus find an extremely high GC specific frequency, SN=400, implying by far the highest ratio of GCs to field stars known anywhere. We esti…
We apply two new state-of-the-art methods that model the distribution of observed tracers in projected phase space to lift the mass / velocity anisotropy (VA) degeneracy and deduce constraints on the mass profiles of galaxies, as well as their VA. We first show how a distribution function based method applied to the satellite kinematics of otherwise isolated SDSS galaxies shows convincing observational evidence of age matching: red galaxies have more concentrated dark matter (DM) halos than blue galaxies of the same stellar or halo mass. Then, applying the MAMPOSSt technique to M87 (traced by …
We have observed a sample of 19 carbon stars in the Sculptor, Carina, Fornax, and Leo I dwarf spheroidal galaxies with the Infrared Spectrograph on the Spitzer Space Telescope. The spectra show significant quantities of dust around the carbon stars in Sculptor, Fornax, and Leo I, but little in Carina. Previous comparisons of carbon stars with similar pulsation properties in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds revealed no evidence that metallicity affected the production of dust by carbon stars. However, the more metal-poor stars in the current sample appear to be generating less dust. These d…
The properties of globular cluster systems (GCSs) in the core of the nearby galaxy clusters Fornax and Hydra I are presented. In the Fornax cluster we have gathered the largest radial velocity sample of a GCS system so far, which enables us to identify photometric and kinematic sub-populations around the central galaxy NGC 1399. Moreover, ages, metallicities and [alpha/Fe] abundances of a sub-sample of 60 bright globular clusters (GCs) with high S/N spectroscopy show a multi-modal distribution in the correlation space of these three parameters, confirming heterogeneous stellar populations in t…
We present wide-field multiband photometry of globular cluster (GC) systems in NGC 1399, NGC 1404, and NGC 1387 located at the central region of the Fornax galaxy cluster. Observation was carried out through U, B, V, and I bands, which marks one of the widest and deepest U-band studies on extragalactic GC systems. The present U-band photometry enables us to significantly reduce the contamination by a factor of two for faint sources (Vo~23.5). The main results based on some 2000 GC candidates around NGC 1399, NGC 1404, and NGC 1387 are as follows: (1) the GC system in each galaxy exhibits bimod…
We present MeerKAT observations of neutral hydrogen gas (HI) in the nearby merger remnant NGC 1316 (Fornax A), the brightest member of a galaxy group which is falling into the Fornax cluster. We find HI on a variety of scales, from the galaxy centre to its large-scale environment. For the first time we detect HI at large radii (70 - 150 kpc in projection), mostly distributed on two long tails associated with the galaxy. Gas in the tails dominates the HI mass of NGC 1316: 7e+8 Msun -- 14 times more than in previous observations. The total HI mass is comparable to the amount of neutral gas found…
Euclid: Data Release 1 (DR1) -- Fornax-7, an ultra-faint companion to the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy? A remote star cluster or dwarf satellite of the Fornax dSph
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg（斯特拉斯堡大学，法国国家科学研究中心，斯特拉斯堡天文台）；Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse（法国国家空间研究中心 - 图卢兹航天中心）；Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学天体物理研究所）；Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University（巴黎天文台，PSL研究大学）；INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡波迪蒙特天文台）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie（马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所）；Institut UTINAM, Observatoire de Besançon（UTINAM研究所，贝桑松天文台）
We present a scenario for the formation and the morphology of the arrow-shaped dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 1427A in the Fornax Cluster. This galaxy shows intriguing stellar and gaseous tails pointing in different directions for which alternative but not conclusive formation scenarios have been proposed in the literature. We performed N-body/SPH simulations of dwarf galaxies falling into a model of the Fornax cluster, exhibiting a jellyfish-like appearance while undergoing ram-pressure stripping. We noted that some of our models show interesting tail morphologies similar to that of NGC 1427A. In…
In this paper, we describe a new method to select globular cluster (GC) candidates, including galaxy subtraction with unsharp masking, template fitting techniques and the inclusion of Gaia's proper motions. We report the use of the 12-band photometric system of S-PLUS to determine radial velocities and stellar populations of GCs around nearby galaxies. Specifically, we assess the effectiveness of identifying GCs around nearby and massive galaxies (D $< 20$ Mpc and $σ> 200$ km/s) in a multi-band survey such as S-PLUS by using spectroscopically confirmed GCs and literature GC candidate lists aro…
We report the result of searching for globular clusters (GCs) around 55 Milky Way satellite dwarf galaxies within the distance of 450 kpc from the Galactic Center except for the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds and the Sagittarius dwarf. For each dwarf, we analyze the stellar distribution of sources in Gaia DR2, selected by magnitude, proper motion, and source morphology. Using the kernel density estimation of stellar number counts, we identify eleven possible GC candidates. Crossed-matched with existing imaging data, all eleven objects are known either GCs or galaxies and only Fornax GC 1-6 …
Euclid: Calibrating distances from surface brightness fluctuations with Early Release Observations of the Fornax cluster
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿布鲁佐天文台）；National Centre for Nuclear Research（国家核研究中心）；Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI)（格兰萨索科学研究所）；Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie（巴黎西岱大学、法国国家科学研究中心粒子与宇宙学）；CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3（法国国家科学研究中心-加州伯克利国际研究实验室皮埃尔·比内特鲁中心）；Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550（斯特拉斯堡大学、法国国家科学研究中心斯特拉斯堡天文台）；Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学天文学研究所）；INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma（意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台）；INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿切特里天文台）；Université Paris-Saclay（巴黎萨克雷大学）
We present a novel approach to constrain the formation channels of Ultra-Compact Dwarf Galaxies (UCDs). This inhomogeneous class of objects of remnants of tidally stripped dwarf elliptical galaxies and high mass globular clusters. We use three methods to unravel their nature: 1) we analysed their surface brightness profiles, 2) we carried out a direct search for tidal features around UCDs and 3) we compared the spatial distribution of GCs and UCDs in the halo of their host galaxy. Based on FORS2 observations, we have studied the detailed structural composition of a large sample of 97 UCDs in t…
Using numerical simulations, we have studied the escape of globular clusters (GCs) from the satellite dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) of the Milky Way (MW). We start by following the orbits of a large sample of GCs around dSphs in the presence of the MW potential field. We then obtain the fraction of GCs leaving their host dSphs within a Hubble Time. We model dSphs by a Hernquist density profile with masses between $10^7\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ and $7\times 10^9\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$. All dSphs lie on the Galactic disc plane, but they have different orbital eccentricities and apogalactic distanc…
We present the photometric properties of 2210 newly identified dwarf galaxy candidates in the MATLAS fields. The Mass Assembly of early Type gaLAxies with their fine Structures (MATLAS) deep imaging survey mapped $\sim$142 deg$^2$ of the sky around nearby isolated early type galaxies using MegaCam on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, reaching surface brightnesses of $\sim$ 28.5 - 29 in the g-band. The dwarf candidates were identified through a direct visual inspection of the images and by visually cleaning a sample selected using a partially automated approach, and were morphologically class…
We suggest a direct link between the two "missing" baryon problems of contemporary galaxy formation theory: (1) that large galaxies are known to contain too little gas and stars and (2) that too few dwarf satellite galaxies are observed around large galaxies compared with cosmological simulations. The former can be explained by invoking some energetic process -- most likely AGN or star formation feedback -- which expels to infinity a significant fraction of the gas initially present in the proto-galaxy, while the latter problem is usually explained by star formation feedback inside the dwarf o…
The structure of a dwarf galaxy is an important probe into the effects of stellar feedback and environment. Using an unprecedented sample of 223 low-mass satellites from the ongoing Exploration of Local VolumE Satellites (ELVES) Survey, we explore the structures of dwarf satellites in the mass range $10^{5.5}<M_\star<10^{8.5}$M$_\odot$. We survey satellites around $80\%$ of the massive, $M_K<-22.4$ mag, hosts in the Local Volume. Our sample of dwarf satellites is complete to luminosities of $M_V<-9$ mag and surface brightness $μ_{0,V}<26.5$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$ within at least $\sim200$ projected…
Local Group satellite galaxies show a wide diversity of star formation histories (SFHs) whose origin is yet to be fully understood. Using hydrodynamical simulations from the Constrained Local UniversE project, we study the SFHs of satellites of Milky Way-like galaxies in a cosmological context: while in the majority of the cases the accretion onto their host galaxy causes the satellites to lose their gas, with a subsequent suppression in SF, in about 25$\%$ of our sample we observe a clear enhancement of SF after infall. Peaks in SF clearly correlate with the satellite pericentric passage arou…
Targeted search for eccentric supermassive binary black holes in OJ 287 and nearby galaxy clusters with PPTA DR3
Institute for Frontier in Astronomy and Astrophysics & Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学前沿天文与天体物理研究所及文理学院）；School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学物理与天文学院）；Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)（马克斯·普朗克引力物理研究所（爱因斯坦研究所））；Leibniz Universität Hannover（汉诺威莱布尼茨大学）；School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University（蒙纳士大学物理与天文学院）；ARC Centre for Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav)（ARC引力波发现卓越中心（OzGrav））；Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, Space & Astronomy（澳大利亚望远镜国家设施，CSIRO空间与天文部）；School of Physics, University of Melbourne（墨尔本大学物理学院）；Center for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee（威斯康星大学密尔沃基分校物理系引力、宇宙学与天体物理中心）
Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence（伯努利数学、计算机科学与人工智能研究所）；Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen（格罗宁根大学卡普坦天文研究所）；Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen（格罗宁根大学科学与工程学院）
Compact stellar systems such as Ultra-compact dwarfs (UCDs) and Globular Clusters (GCs) around galaxies are known to be the tracers of the merger events that have been forming these galaxies. Therefore, identifying such systems allows to study galaxies mass assembly, formation and evolution. However, in the lack of spectroscopic information detecting UCDs/GCs using imaging data is very uncertain. Here, we aim to train a machine learning model to separate these objects from the foreground stars and background galaxies using the multi-wavelength imaging data of the Fornax galaxy cluster in 6 fil…
