The gravitational wave (GW) signal from binary black hole (BBH) mergers is a promising probe of Population III (Pop III) stars. To fully unleash the power of the GW probe, one important step is to understand the relative importance and features of different BBH evolution channels. We model two channels, isolated binary stellar evolution (IBSE) and nuclear star cluster-dynamical hardening (NSC-DH), in one theoretical framework based on the semi-analytical code A-SLOTH, under various assumptions on Pop III initial mass function (IMF), initial binary statistics and high-$z$ nuclear star clusters (NSCs). The NSC-DH channel contributes $\sim 8-95\%$ of Pop III BBH mergers across cosmic history, with higher contributions achieved by initially wider binary stars, more top-heavy IMFs, and more abundant high-$z$ NSCs. The dimensionless stochastic GW background (SGWB) produced by Pop III BBH mergers has peak values $Ω^{\rm peak}_{\rm GW}\sim 10^{-11}-8\times 10^{-11}$ around observer-frame frequencies $ν\sim 10-100\ \rm Hz$. The Pop III contribution can be a non-negligible ($\sim 2-32\%$) component in the total SGWB at $ν\lesssim 10\ \rm Hz$. The estimated detection rates of Pop III BBH mergers by the Einstein Telescope are $\sim 6-230\ \rm yr^{-1}$ and $\sim 30-1230\ \rm yr^{-1}$ for the NSC-DH and IBSE channels, respectively. Pop III BBH mergers in NSCs are more massive than those from IBSE, so they dominate the Pop III SGWB below $20$ Hz in most cases. Besides, the detection rate of Pop III BBH mergers involving at least one intermediate-mass BH above $100\ \rm M_\odot$ by the Einstein Telescope is $\sim 0.5-200\ \rm yr^{-1}$ in NSCs but remains below $0.1\ \rm yr^{-1}$ for IBSE.
Black Hole - Neutron Star and Binary Neutron Star Mergers from Population III and II stars
Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI)(格兰萨索科学研究所);INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso(意大利国家核物理研究所,格兰萨索国家实验室);University of Padova(帕多瓦大学);INFN - Padova(意大利国家核物理研究所帕多瓦分部);INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova(意大利国家天体物理研究所帕多瓦天文台);INAF Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo(意大利国家天体物理研究所阿布鲁佐天文台);Universitat de Barcelona(巴塞罗那大学);Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院);Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics(哈佛-史密森尼天体物理中心);Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies at Harvard University(哈佛大学拉德克利夫高等研究院)
研究了起源于 Population III 和 II 星的黑洞-中子星及双中子星并合,发现 Population III 并合率较低但黑洞质量分布更广,且在引力波观测中更受青睐。
On the Formation of GW231123 in Population III Star Clusters
Zhaoqing University(肇庆大学);Sun Yat-sen University(中山大学);CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area(中国空间站科学中心粤港澳大湾区分中心);Fukui Prefectural University(福井县立大学);The University of Tokyo(东京大学)
本文研究星族 III 星团中 GW231123 的形成机制,发现其候选前身天体可通过恒星并合、双黑洞并合及混合并合形成,并合率密度与观测一致,且可被未来引力波探测器探测。
我们探讨的可能性,最近检测到的黑洞二(BHB)合并事件GW 190521起源于第一代的大规模,无金属,所谓的人口III(流行III),恒星。基于改进的Pop III星团N体模拟的双星统计方法,在经典双星恒星演化和高红移核星团动力学硬化两个演化通道上,计算了类似于GW 190521的Pop III BHB的合并率密度.两个通道都可以解释观察到的速率密度。但后者更倾向于与观察更好的协议和不确定参数的限制较少。我们的分析还表明,鉴于这两个通道的不同特征(合并率分别在$z\lesssim2$和$z\sim 10$达到峰值),未来用第三代引力波探测器对类似于GW 190521的BHB合并进行观测将大大提高我们对Pop III BHB演化的认识,特别是对它们在宇宙结构形成过程中的动力学。
Dark-matter halo mergers as a fertile environment for low-mass Population III star formation
虽然第三星族恒星通常被认为是大质量的,但当气体的冷却特别增强时,可能存在通往低质量Pop III恒星的路径。一个可能的途径是在暗物质晕合并过程中增强HD冷却。合并可以导致高电离度,催化HD分子的形成,并且可以将气体冷却到宇宙微波背景(CMB)温度。在本文中,我们调查合并的质量为几个10 $^5$ M $_\odot$的迷你晕,并探讨这种情况下的可行性。我们进行了三维宇宙流体动力学计算与ENZO代码,解决了热和化学演化的气体采用天体化学包KROME。我们的研究结果表明,HD的丰度增加了两个数量级相比,没有合并的情况下,晕冷却到$\sim$ 60 K触发碎裂。根据金斯的估计,预期的恒星质量约为10 M $_\odot$。我们的研究结果表明,合并的情况下是一个潜在的途径,形成低质量的恒星。
The Dragon-II simulations -- III. Compact binary mergers in clusters with up to 1 million stars: mass, spin, eccentricity, merger rate and pair instability supernovae rate
基于 Dragon-II 的 19 个 N 体星团模拟,研究致密双星并合的质量、偏心率、并合率及不稳定对超新星率,揭示原初与动力学并合的差异,并给出多信使探测前景。
Orbital Migration of Interacting Stellar Mass Black Holes in Disks around Supermassive Black Holes. III. Mass Distribution of Hierarchical Mergers
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona(亚利桑那大学);Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute(平顿研究所计算天体物理学中心);Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History(美国自然历史博物馆天体物理系);Department of Science, CUNY Borough of Manhattan Community College(纽约市立大学曼哈顿社区学院科学系);Physics Program, CUNY Graduate Center(纽约市立大学研究生中心物理项目);Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies(海德堡理论研究所);Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Astronomisches Rechen-Institut(海德堡大学天文中心天文计算研究所)
The Ly$α$ and Continuum Origins Survey. III. Investigating the Link between Galaxy Morphology, Merger Properties and LyC Escape
University of Minnesota(明尼苏达大学);Williams College(威廉姆斯学院);University of Edinburgh(爱丁堡大学);Missouri Institute of Technology, University of Missouri-Kansas City(密苏里科技大学,密苏里大学堪萨斯城分校);Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学);Space Telescope Science Institute(太空望远镜科学研究所);Stockholm University(斯德哥尔摩大学)
Only obscured yet luminous active galactic nuclei are closely associated with galaxy mergers: Direct observational evidence from type 2 active galactic nuclei
Kyungpook National University(庆北国立大学);Sejong University(世宗大学);Pusan National University(釜山国立大学);Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI)(韩国天体宇宙科学研究所)
Direct observational evidence that higher-luminosity type 1 active galactic nuclei are most commonly triggered by galaxy mergers
Kyungpook National University(庆北国立大学);Sejong University(世宗大学);Pusan National University(釜山国立大学);Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI)(韩国天体宇宙科学研究所)
Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Identifies an $r_p$ = 1 Kpc Dual Active Galactic Nucleus in the Minor Galaxy Merger SDSS J0924+0510 at z = 0.1495
Stellar-mass black holes in young massive and open stellar clusters and their role in gravitational-wave generation III: dissecting black hole dynamics
Investigating the formation channel of GW231123: Population III stars or hierarchical mergers?
Sapienza, Università di Roma(罗马大学);Tor Vergata, Università di Roma(罗马第二大学);INAF/Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma(罗马天文台);INFN, Sezione di Roma I(罗马第一国家核物理研究所);Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学);Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所)
Merger-driven Fueling of Active Galactic Nuclei: Six Dual and Offset Active Galactic Nuclei Discovered with Chandra and Hubble Space Telescope Observations
Formation sites of Population III star formation: The effects of different levels of rotation and turbulence on the fragmentation behavior of primordial gas
Direct N-body simulations of rotating and extremely massive Population III star clusters
Astronomisches Rechen-Inst., Zentrum für Astronomie, Univ. of Heidelberg(海德堡大学天体物理计算研究所);Center for Information Science, Fukui Prefectural University(福井县立大学信息科学中心);Department of Physics, New York University Abu Dhabi(纽约大学阿布扎比分校物理系);Center for Astrophysics and Space Science (CASS), New York University Abu Dhabi(纽约大学阿布扎比分校天体物理学与空间科学中心);Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza, Universitá di Roma(罗马第一大学物理系);Inst. für Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum für Astronomie, Univ. Heidelberg(海德堡大学天文学中心理论天体物理研究所);Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所);Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI)(格兰萨索理工学院);INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso(意大利国家核物理研究所格兰萨索国家实验室)