We are exploring galaxy evolution in low density environments exploiting smooth particle hydrodynamic simulations including chemo-photometric implementation. From a large grid of simulations of galaxy encounters and mergers starting from triaxial halos of gas e dark matter, we single out the simulations matching the global properties of our targets. These simulations are used to give insights into their evolution. We focus on 11 early-type galaxies selected because of their nearly passive stage of evolution in the nuclear region. However, a variety of UV features are detected in more than half of these galaxies. We find no significant differences in the formation mechanisms between galaxies with or without UV features. Major and minor mergers are able to reproduce their peculiar UV morphologies, galaxy encounters are more suitable for 'normal' early-type galaxies. Their star formation rate self-quenches several Gyr later the merger/encounter occurred, via gas exhaustion and stellar feedback, moving the galaxy from blue to red colors, driving the galaxy transformation. The length of the quenching is mass dependent and lasts from 1 to 5 Gyr or more in the less massive systems. All our targets are gas rich at redshift 1. Three of them assembled at most 40% of their current stellar mass at z>1, and seven assembled more than 50% between redshift 0.5 and 1. Their stellar mass grows with 4% by crossing the Green Valley before reaching their current position on the NUV-r vs. Mr diagram.
The disc origin of the Milky Way bulge: Dissecting the chemo-morphological relations using N-body simulations and APOGEE
关于银河系（MW）核球中贫金属恒星星族的起源有一个长期的争论，两种主要的假设是这些恒星族要么是i）经典贫金属椭球体的一部分，要么是ii）与太阳附近化学定义的厚盘相同的恒星族。在这里，我们测试后一种情况下是否可以重现所观察到的MW凸起的化学性质。要做到这一点，我们比较了一个复合（薄+厚）恒星盘的N体模拟-它长期演变形成一个酒吧和一个方形/花生（b/p）凸起-从APOGEE DR 13的数据。这个模型中厚盘是大质量的，并且集中在中心，可以再现核球中富金属和贫金属恒星星族的形态，以及从APOGEE数据获得的平均金属丰度和[ $α$ /Fe]图。它还再现了隆凸金属丰度分布函数（BMT）在经度和纬度上的趋势。此外，我们表明，该模型预测小，但可测量的方位角金属丰度的变化，由于在酒吧的薄，厚光盘的差分映射在内部光盘。因此，我们看到，MW核球中恒星星族的化学形态关系，可以通过将内部MW的薄盘和厚盘映射到b/p中而自然地再现。
Chemodynamical properties of gas-rich galaxies: a comparison of observations and simulations
Kharkiv National University（哈尔科夫国立大学）；University of Geneva（日内瓦大学）；École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)（洛桑联邦理工学院）；European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）；CNRS and U. de Chile（法国国家科学研究中心和智利大学）；Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1（里昂天体物理研究中心，克莱德·贝尔纳里昂第一大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik（马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所）
