The demand for novel detector mediums such as Water-based Liquid Scintillator (WbLS) has increased over the last few decades due to their capability for both low energy particle interactions and higher light yield. Recently, the usage of machine learning (ML) methods in high-energy physics has also been increasing. The ML and AI methods are used in many physics projects in the field since they provide effective and sensitive results. In this study, we aimed to develop a comprehensive analysis of water Cherenkov detectors and perform physics analyses to efficiently separate Cherenkov and scintillation photons with ML algorithms using the data from the WbLS detector environment. The main goal of this study was to produce more precise solutions to physics problems, such as signal classification, by applying ML techniques to the simulation and experimental data. Here, we trained more than 20 ML models, and our results revealed that three machine learning models, XGBoost, Light GBM, and Random Forest models, and their ensemble model gave us more than 95\% accuracy for separating Cherenkov and scintillation photons with balanced and unbalanced datasets. This is a significant increase in efficiency as compared with the results of the classical method by applying simple time cuts.
The CHErenkov / Scintillation Separation experiment (CHESS) has been used to demonstrate the separation of Cherenkov and scintillation light in both linear alkylbenzene (LAB) and LAB with 2g/L of PPO as a fluor (LAB/PPO). This is the first such demonstration for the more challenging LAB/PPO cocktail and improves on previous results for LAB. A time resolution of 338 +/- 12 ps FWHM results in an efficiency for identifying Cherenkov photons in LAB/PPO of 70 +/- 3% and 63 +/- 8% for time- and charge-based separation, respectively, with scintillation contamination of 36 +/- 5% and 38 +/- 4%. LAB/PP…
We describe here measurements with a new device, the "dichroicon," a Winston-style light concentrator built out of dichroic reflectors, which could allow large-scale neutrino detectors to sort photons by wavelength with small overall light loss. Photon sorting would benefit large-scale water or ice Cherenkov detectors such as Hyper-Kamiokande or ICECUBE by providing a measure of dispersion, which in turn could allow improved position reconstruction and timing. For scintillator detectors like JUNO, upgrades to SNO+ or KamLAND-ZEN, or to water-based liquid scintillator detectors like Theia, dich…
For future MeV-scale neutrino experiments, a Cherenkov scintillation detector, CSD, is of particular interest for its capability to reconstruct both energy and direction for charged particles. A type of new target material, slow liquid scintillator, SlowLS, which can be used to separate Cherenkov and scintillation lights, is one of the options for the neutrino detectors. A multi-hundred ton spherical CSD is simulated using a Geant4-based Monte Carlo software, which handles the detailed the micro processes of MeV particles and optical photons and the functions for photomultiplier, PMT, and read…
This manuscript describes measurements of water-based liquid scintillators (WbLS), demonstrating separation of the Cherenkov and scintillation components using the fast timing response of a Large Area Picosecond Photodector (LAPPD). Additionally, the time profiles of three WbLS mixtures, defined by the relative fractions of scintillating compound, are characterized, with improved sensitivity to the scintillator rise-time. The measurements were made using both an LAPPD and a conventional photomultiplier tube (PMT). All samples were measured with an effective resolution O(100 ps), which allows f…
This paper presents measurements of the scintillation light yield and time profile for a number of concentration of water-based liquid scintillator, formulated from linear alkylbenzene (LAB) and 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO). We find that the scintillation light yield is linear with the concentration of liquid scintillator in water between 1 and 10% with a slope of 127.9+-17.0 ph/MeV/concentration and an intercept value of 108.3+-51.0 ph/MeV, the latter being illustrative of non-linearities with concentration at values less than 1%. This is larger than expected from a simple extrapolation of the p…
Characterization of thin optical filters for high purity Cherenkov light readout from scintillating crystals
European Center for Nuclear Research（欧洲核子研究中心）；Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5306 CNRS ILM（里昂第一大学克洛德·贝尔纳）；Université de Strasbourg, UMR7178 CNRS IPHC（斯特拉斯堡大学）
Axion-Like Particle Search with a Hybrid Cherenkov-Scintillation Detector
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México（墨西哥国立自治大学）；Element Aero；Bartoszek Engineering；Los Alamos National Laboratory（洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；New Mexico State University（新墨西哥州立大学）；University of New Mexico（新墨西哥大学）；University of South Dakota（南达科他大学）
The timing and spectral characteristics of four highly efficient, slow fluors are presented for liquid scintillator solutions using linear alkylbenzene (LAB) as the primary solvent. The mixtures exhibit high light yields, but with rise times of several ns or more and decay times on the order of tens of ns. Consequently, such liquid scintillator mixtures can be used for effective separation of Cherenkov and scintillation components based on timing in large scale liquid scintillation detectors. Such a separation, showing high light yield and directional information, is demonstrated here on a ben…
Machine Learning Enables Real-Time Waveform Decomposition for Dual-Readout Calorimetry
Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca（意大利国家核物理研究所米兰-比科卡分部）；SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（SLAC国家加速器实验室）；Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca（米兰比科卡大学）；Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学）；Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Perugia（意大利国家核物理研究所佩鲁贾分部）
This paper presents studies of the performance of water-based liquid scintillator in both 1-kt and 50-kt detectors. Performance is evaluated in comparison to both pure water Cherenkov detectors and a nominal model for pure scintillator detectors. Performance metrics include energy, vertex, and angular resolution, along with a metric for ability to separate the Cherenkov from the scintillation signal, as being representative of various particle identification capabilities that depend on the Cherenkov / scintillation ratio. We also modify the time profile of scintillation light to study the same…
We present a technique for separating double beta-decay from $^8$B solar neutrino interactions in a liquid scintillator detector. The technique uses position and time of photo-electrons (PEs) to separate directional Cherenkov light from isotropic sintillation light in the reconstruction of the kinematics of candidate events. Here we introduce a Cherenkov-scintillation space time boundary defined as the light cone in the 2-dimensional space of the arrival time and the polar angle of each PE with respect to the axis from the center of the detector to the vertex. The PEs located near the boundary…
The MOLLER experiment proposed at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility plans a precision low energy determination of the weak mixing angle via the measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry in the scattering of high energy longitudinally polarized electrons from electrons bound in a liquid hydrogen target (Møller scattering). A relative measure of the scattering rate is planned to be obtained by intercepting the Møller scattered electrons with a circular array of thin fused silica tiles attached to air light guides, which facilitate the transport of Cherenkov photons generated…
Simulation studies have been carried out to explore the ability to discriminate between single-site and multi-site energy depositions in large scale liquid scintillation detectors. A robust approach has been found that is predicted to lead to a significant statistical separation for a large variety of event classes, providing a powerful tool to discriminate against backgrounds and break important degeneracies in signal extraction. This has particularly relevant implications for liquid scintillator searches for neutrinoless double beta decay ($0νββ$) from $^{130}$Te and $^{136}$Xe, where it is …
The scope of this article is to understand the role of radiative losses in detector energy scale at energies of 5-100 MeV and to estimate the non-linear effect they produce in large liquid scintillator and Cherenkov detectors. For this purpose the generalized energy scale detector model was constructed and the detector response was simulated by means of toy Monte Carlo simulations. It was found that the non-linearity grows proportionally to a relative fraction of the Cherenkov light into the total light yield achieving the maximum for pure water Cherenkov detectors. The effect generally increa…
In this paper, we describe the first tests of a dual-readout fiber calorimeter in which silicon photomultipliers are used to sense the (scintillation and Cherenkov) light signals. The main challenge in this detector is implementing a design that minimizes the optical crosstalk between the two types of fibers, which are located very close to each other and carry light signals that differ in intensity by about a factor of 60. The experimental data, which were obtained with beams of high-energy electrons and muons as well as in lab tests, illustrate to what extent this challenge was met. The Cher…
Measuring signatures of strong-field quantum electrodynamics (SF-QED) processes in an intense laser field is an experimental challenge: it requires detectors to be highly sensitive to single electrons and positrons in the presence of the typically very strong x-ray and $γ$-photon background levels. In this paper, we describe a particle detector capable of diagnosing single leptons from SF-QED interactions and discuss the background level simulations for the upcoming Experiment-320 at FACET-II (SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory). The single particle detection system described here combines p…
Performance of the CLEO III LiF-TEA Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector in a High Energy Muon Beam
CLEO III Ring Imaging Cherenkov探测器使用LiF辐射器产生Cherenkov光子，然后使用CH $_4$和TEA气体的混合物通过比例丝室检测。最先建造的两个光子探测器模块被带到费米实验室，并在提供高动量μ子的束流收集器中进行测试。我们报告的结果，使用平面和“”形散热器。具体来说，我们讨论了观察到的每个环的光电子数和角分辨率。粒子分离能力被证明是足够的物理CLEO III。
Water Cherenkov detectors like Super-Kamiokande, and the next generation Hyper-Kamiokande are adding gadolinium to their water to improve the detection of neutrons. By detecting neutrons in addition to the leptons in neutrino interactions, an improved separation between neutrino and anti-neutrinos, and reduced backgrounds for proton decay searches can be expected. The neutron signal itself is still small and can be confused with muon spallation and other background sources. In this paper, machine learning techniques are employed to optimize the neutron capture detection capability in the new i…
We discuss several low-energy backgrounds to sub-GeV dark matter searches, which arise from high-energy particles of cosmic or radioactive origin that interact with detector materials. We focus in particular on Cherenkov radiation, transition radiation, and luminescence or phonons from electron-hole pair recombination, and show that these processes are an important source of backgrounds at both current and planned detectors. We perform detailed analyses of these backgrounds at several existing and proposed experiments based on a wide variety of detection strategies and levels of shielding. We …
We discuss here future neutrino detectors with physics goals ranging from the eV to the EeV scale. The focus is on future enabling technologies for such detectors, rather than existing detectors or those under construction. The report includes methodologies across the broad spectrum of neutrino physics: liquid noble and other cryogenic detectors, includin LAr and LXe TPCs; photon-based detectors including technologies enabling hybrid Cherenkov/scintillation detectors; low-threshold detectors which use a wide variety of technologies to probe physics like coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering or …
Pulse shape discrimination using CsI(Tl) scintillators to perform neutral hadron particle identification is explored with emphasis towards application at high energy electron-positron collider experiments. Through the analysis of the pulse shape differences between scintillation pulses from photon and hadronic energy deposits using neutron and proton data collected at TRIUMF, it is shown that the pulse shape variations observed for hadrons can be modelled using a third scintillation component for CsI(Tl), in addition to the standard fast and slow components. Techniques for computing the hadron…
Measurement of Light Yield Response of Gd-compatible Water-based Liquid Scintillator with the Brookhaven 1-ton testbed
Chung-Ang University（中央大学）；University of California at Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）；Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁克海文国家实验室）；The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Bronx Community College（布朗克斯社区学院）；University of Alabama（阿拉巴马大学）；Stony Brook University（石溪大学）
