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arXiv 2403.09558hep-ph
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来自隐藏扇区引力波的宇宙学一致分析

Cosmologically Consistent Analysis of Gravitational Waves from hidden sectors

Wan-Zhe Feng, Jinzheng Li, Pran Nath

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47 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables
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AI总结：

本文构建可见与隐藏双热浴、双场一阶相变的宇宙学一致模型，同步计算两区流体动力学与引力波谱，指出 LISA 等探测器或可探测并约束隐藏扇区。

摘要：

本文在一项宇宙学一致的分析中讨论了早期宇宙中的引力波产生，该分析涉及一个一阶相变，其中包含一个与可见扇区微弱耦合的隐藏扇区。每个扇区都处于各自的热浴中，从而导致势能依赖于两个温度和两个场：一个是标准模型 Higgs，另一个是源自隐藏扇区 U(1) 规范理论的标量。从再加热温度直到电弱标度，对隐藏扇区与可见扇区的温度进行了同步演化。文中讨论了双场相变的流体动力学，其中一个场对应可见扇区，另一个对应隐藏扇区；这会产生彼此分离的隧穿温度，并使两个扇区具有不同的声速。计算了来自两个扇区的引力波，并根据泡成核特征（即爆轰、爆燃和混合模式）分析了它们在所测量的引力波功率谱随频率变化中的印记。结果表明，该双场模型预言的引力波可在若干拟议中的引力波探测器上被探测到，包括 LISA、DECIGO、BBO 和 Taiji；若发现这些引力波，将能够探测隐藏扇区参数空间的特定区域，也可能揭示早期宇宙中泡成核的本质。本文给出的分析表明，宇宙学上更受偏好的模型是那些可见扇区中的隧穿先于隐藏扇区中的隧穿、且声速 c_s 低于其最大值（即 c_s^2<1/3）的模型。研究这些特征是否具有普遍性，并适用于更广泛类别的宇宙学一致模型，将是有意义的。

英文摘要：

Production of gravitational waves in the early universe is discussed in a cosmologically consistent analysis within a first order phase transition involving a hidden sector feebly coupled with the visible sector. Each sector resides in its own heat bath leading to a potential dependent on two temperatures, and on two fields: one a standard model Higgs and the other a scalar arising from a hidden sector $U(1)$ gauge theory. A synchronous evolution of the hidden and visible sector temperatures is carried out from the reheat temperature down to the electroweak scale.The hydrodynamics of two-field phase transitions, one for the visible and the other for the hidden is discussed, which leads to separate tunneling temperatures, and different sound speeds for the two sectors. Gravitational waves emerging from the two sectors are computed and their imprint on the measured gravitational wave power spectrum vs frequency is analyzed in terms of bubble nucleation signature, i.e., detonation, deflagration, and hybrid. It is shown that the two-field model predicts gravitational waves accessible at several proposed gravitational wave detectors: LISA, DECIGO, BBO, Taiji and their discovery would probe specific regions of the hidden sector parameter space and may also shed light on the nature of bubble nucleation in the early universe. The analysis presented here indicates that the cosmologically preferred models are those where the tunneling in the visible sector precedes the tunneling in the hidden sector and the sound speed $c_s$ lies below its maximum, i.e., $c^2_s<\frac{1}{3}$. It is of interest to investigate if these features are universal and applicable to a wider class of cosmologically consistent models.

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