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arXiv 2402.19448quant-ph
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量子问题的结构

The Structure of Quantum Questions

Yang Yu, Philip Goyal

AI总结:

本文将量子测量建模为有限结果的问题,基于量子比特观测提出信息性假设并推广到高维系统,揭示其与 Pauli 矩阵、张量积及演化描述的结构对应。

摘要:

在经典物理学中,单次测量原则上可以揭示一个系统的状态。然而,量子理论允许对一个物理系统进行大量彼此不等价的测量,而每一种测量都只能提供关于该状态的有限信息。对一个量子系统进行的这组各种测量表明其具有丰富的内部结构。我们通过把测量概念化为具有有限数量结果的问题,来阐明单个系统和复合系统的这种结构。我们创建了一种数学问题结构以探索其潜在性质,并采用信息概念作为关键工具,用来表示我们通过提出这些问题所获得的知识。随后,我们基于从对量子比特的测量中观察到的性质提出信息性假设,并将这些假设推广到更高维系统。我们的信息性假设塑造了子系统之间的关联,这些关联被符号化为经典逻辑门。有趣的是,具有素数维数的系统表现出一种独特性质:逻辑门可以简单地表示为模算术下的线性方程。我们还识别出量子理论中与量子问题结构中的那些结构相对应的结构。例如,确定系统的问题对应于广义 Pauli 矩阵,而连接各子系统中问题的逻辑门与组合算子的张量积直接相关。基于这些对应关系,我们就系统的演化以及量子问题和量子力学二者内部信息的变化给出了两种等价情形。

英文摘要:

In classical physics, a single measurement can in principle reveal the state of a system. However, quantum theory permits numerous non-equivalent measurements on a physical system, each providing only limited information about the state. This set of various measurements on a quantum system indicates a rich internal structure. We illuminate this structure for both individual and composite systems by conceptualizing measurements as questions with a finite number of outcomes. We create a mathematical question structure to explore the underlying properties, employing the concept of information as a key tool representing our knowledge gained from asking these questions. We subsequently propose informational assumptions based on properties observed from measurements on qubits, generalizing these to higher dimensional systems. Our informational assumptions shape the correlations between subsystems, which are symbolized as classical logical gates. Interestingly, systems with prime number dimensions exhibit unique property: the logical gate can be expressed simply as a linear equation under modular arithmetic. We also identify structures in quantum theory that correspond to those in the structure of quantum questions. For instance, the questions determining the system correspond to generalized Pauli matrices, and the logical gate connecting questions in subsystems is directly related to the tensor product combining operators. Based on these correspondences, we present two equivalent scenarios regarding the evolution of systems and the change of information within both quantum questions and quantum mechanics.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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