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arXiv 2402.16601physics.chem-ph
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带自相互作用修正的激发电子态变分密度泛函计算的鞍点搜索算法

Saddle Point Search Algorithms for Variational Density Functional Calculations of Excited Electronic States with Self-Interaction Correction

Yorick Leonard Adrian Schmerwitz, Núria Urgell Ollé, Gianluca Levi, Hannes Jónsson

AI总结:

本文提出基于广义模式跟随的鞍点搜索算法,将激发态密度泛函计算中的鞍点搜索转化为最小化问题,并扩展该方法以在Perdew-Zunger自相互作用修正下收敛到最小化自相互作用误差的物理解。

摘要:

分子和固体的激发电子态在催化和电子学等领域中发挥着基础性作用。在电子结构计算中,激发态通常对应于能量随电子自由度变化所描述的表面上的鞍点。本文提出了一种基于广义模式跟随的直接优化算法,用于激发态的密度泛函计算。传统的基于拟牛顿算法的直接优化方法通常会收敛到离初始猜测最近的驻点,甚至是最小值点,而广义模式跟随方法通过沿能量向上跟随电子Hessian矩阵的l个最低本征向量,系统地瞄准特定阶数l的鞍点。因此,该方法将具有挑战性的鞍点搜索转化为最小化问题,从而能够使用高效且鲁棒的最小化算法。初始猜测轨道和目标激发态解的鞍点阶数通过执行一步约束优化来评估,该优化冻结了激发所涉及的电子自由度。在Kohn-Sham密度泛函计算的背景下,对交换关联泛函的典型近似存在自相互作用误差。Perdew和Zunger自相互作用修正可以缓解这一问题,但会使能量对占据轨道空间中的幺正变换产生变化,从而引入大量不能完全最小化自相互作用误差的非物理解。本文提出了广义模式跟随方法的一种扩展,以确保收敛到最小化自相互作用误差的解。

英文摘要:

Excited electronic states of molecules and solids play a fundamental role in fields such as catalysis and electronics. In electronic structure calculations, excited states typically correspond to saddle points on the surface described by the variation of the energy as a function of the electronic degrees of freedom. A direct optimization algorithm based on generalized mode following is presented for density functional calculations of excited states. While conventional direct optimization methods based on quasi-Newton algorithms usually converge to the stationary point closest to the initial guess, even minima, the generalized mode following approach systematically targets a saddle point of a specific order l by following the l lowest eigenvectors of the electronic Hessian up in energy. This approach thereby recasts the challenging saddle point search as a minimization, enabling the use of efficient and robust minimization algorithms. The initial guess orbitals and the saddle point order of the target excited state solution are evaluated by performing an initial step of constrained optimization freezing the electronic degrees of freedom involved in the excitation. In the context of Kohn-Sham density functional calculations, typical approximations to the exchange-and-correlation functional suffer from a self-interaction error. The Perdew and Zunger self-interaction correction can alleviate this problem, but makes the energy variant to unitary transformations in the occupied orbital space, introducing a large amount of unphysical solutions that do not fully minimize the self-interaction error. An extension of the generalized mode following method is proposed that ensures convergence to the solution minimizing the self-interaction error.

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