We provide a complete classification of point symmetries and low-order local conservation laws of the generalized quasilinear KdV equation in terms of the arbitrary function. The corresponding interpretation of symmetry transformation groups are given. In addition, a physical description of the conserved quantities is included. Finally, few travelling wave solutions have been obtained.
In \cite{RH3} Rasin and Hydon suggested a way to construct an infinite number of conservation laws for the discrete KdV equation (dKdV), by repeated application of a certain symmetry to a known conservation law. It was not decided, however, whether the resulting conservation laws were distinct and nontrivial. In this paper we obtain the following results: (1) We give an alternative method to construct an infinite number of conservation laws using a discrete version of the Gardner transformation. (2) We give a direct proof that the Rasin-Hydon conservation laws are indeed distinct and nontrivia…
An arbitrary compact-support initial datum for the Korteweg-de Vries equation asymptotically splits into solitons and a radiation tail, moving in opposite direction. We give asimple method to predict the number and amplitudes of resulting solitons and some integral characteristics of the tail using only conservation laws.
The degenerate coupled multi-KdV equations for coupled multiplicity l=3 are studied. The equations also known as three fields Kaup-Boussinesq equations are considered for invariant analysis and conservation laws. The classical Lie's symmetry method is used to analyze the symmetries of equations. Based on Killing's form which is invariant of adjoint action, the full classification for Lie algebra is presented. Further, one-dimensional optimal group classification is used to obtain invariant solutions. Besides this, using general theorem proved by Ibragimov we find several nonlocal conservation …
In this paper we show that integrable four dimensional linearly degenerate equations of second order possess infinitely many three dimensional hydrodynamic reductions. Furthermore, they are equipped infinitely many conservation laws and higher commuting flows. We show that the dispersionless limits of nonlocal KdV and nonlocal NLS equations (the so-called Breaking Soliton equations introduced by O.I. Bogoyavlenski) are one and two component reductions (respectively) of one of these four dimensional linearly degenerate equations.
The obstructions to the existence of a hierarchy of hydrodynamic conservation laws are studied for a multicomponent dispersionless KdV system. It is shown that if an underlying algebra is Jordan, then the lowest obstruction vanishes and that all higher obstructions automatically vanish. Deformations of these multicomponent dispersionless KdV-type equations are also studied. No new obstructions appear, and hence the existence of a fully deformed hierarchy depends on the existence of a single purely hydrodynamic conservation law.
For the hyperbolic system of quasilinear first-order partial differential equations, linearizable by hodograph transformation, the conservation laws are used to solve the Cauchy problem. The equivalence of the initial problem for quasilinear system and the problem for conservation laws system permits to construct the characteristic lines in domains, where Jacobian of hodograph transformations is equal to zero. Moreover, the conservation laws give all solutions of the linearized system. Some examples from the gas dynamics and theory of plasticity are considered.
We consider two discrete completely integrable evolutions: the Toda Lattice and the Ablowitz-Ladik system. The principal thrust of the paper is the development of microscopic conservation laws that witness the conservation of the perturbation determinant under these dynamics. In this way, we obtain discrete analogues of objects that we found essential in our recent analyses of KdV, NLS, and mKdV. In concert with this, we revisit the classical topic of microscopic conservation laws attendant to the (renormalized) trace of the Green's function.
For a class of generalized integrable hierarchies associated with affine (twisted or untwisted) Kac-Moody algebras, an explicit representation of their local conserved densities by means of a single scalar tau-function is deduced. This tau-function acts as a partition function for the conserved densities, which fits its potential interpretation as the effective action of some quantum system. The class consists of multi-component generalizations of the Drinfel'd-Sokolov and the two-dimensional affine Toda lattice hierarchies. The relationship between the former and the approach of Feigin, Frenk…
Many multi-dimensional consistent discrete systems have soliton solutions with nonzero backgrounds, which brings difficulty in the investigation of integrable characteristics. In this letter we derive infinitely many conserved quantities for the lattice potential Korteweg-de Vries equation. The derivation is based on the fact that the scattering data $a(z)$ is independent of discrete space and time and the analytic property of Jost solutions of the discrete Schrödinger spectral problem. The obtained conserved densities are different from those in the known literatures. They are asymptotic to z…
In the multiple-soliton case, the freedom in the expansion of the solution of the perturbed KdV equation is exploited so as to transform the equation into a system of two equations: The (inte-grable) Normal Form for KdV-type solitons, which obey the usual infinity of KdV-conservation laws, and an auxiliary equation that describes the contribution of obstacles to asymptotic inte-grability, which arise from the second order onwards. The analysis has been carried through the third order in the expansion. Within that order, the solution of the auxiliary equation is a con-served quantity.
It is shown that equations of the Korteweg-de Vries hierarchy and their conservation laws can be expressed via the whole powers of an integro-differential operator and functions provided by them.
In this paper, the semi-discrete Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur (AKNS) hierarchy is shown in spirit composed by the Ablowitz-Ladik flows under certain combinations. Furthermore, we derive its explicit Lax pairs and infinitely many conservation laws, which are non-trivial in light of continuum limit. Reductions of the semi-discrete AKNS hierarchy are investigated to include the semi-discrete Korteweg-de Vries (KdV), the semi-discrete modified KdV, and the semi-discrete nonlinear Schrödinger hierarchies as its special cases. Finally, under the uniform continuum limit we introduce in the paper, the a…
We study normal forms of scalar integrable dispersive (non necessarily Hamiltonian) conservation laws via the Dubrovin-Zhang perturbative scheme. Our computations support the conjecture that such normal forms are parametrised by infinitely many arbitrary functions that can be identified with the coefficients of the quasilinear part of the equation. More in general, we conjecture that two scalar integrable evolutionary PDEs having the same quasilinear part are Miura equivalent. This conjecture is also consistent with the tensorial behaviour of these coefficients under general Miura transformati…
We discuss commuting flows and conservation laws for Lax hierarchies on noncommutative spaces in the framework of the Sato theory. On commutative spaces, the Sato theory has revealed essential aspects of the integrability for wide class of soliton equations which are derived from the Lax hierarchies in terms of pseudo-differential operators. Noncommutative extension of the Sato theory has been already studied by the author and Kouichi Toda, and the existence of various noncommutative Lax hierarchies are guaranteed. In the present paper, we present conservation laws for the noncommutative Lax h…
Utilizing some conservation laws of (1+1)-dimensional integrable local evolution systems, it is conjectured that higher dimensional integrable equations may be regularly constructed by a deformation algorithm. The algorithm can be applied to Lax pairs and higher order flows. In other words, if the original lower dimensional model is Lax integrable (possesses Lax pairs) and symmetry integrable (possesses infinitely many higher order symmetries), then the deformed higher order systems are also Lax integrable and symmetry integrable. For concreteness, the deformation algorithm is applied to the u…
We study the Whitham equations for the defocusing complex modified KdV (mKdV) equation. These Whitham equations are quasilinear hyperbolic equations and they describe the averaged dynamics of the rapid oscillations which appear in the solution of the mKdV equation when the dispersive parameter is small. The oscillations are referred to as dispersive shocks. The Whitham equations for the mKdV equation are neither strictly hyperbolic nor genuinely nonlinear. We are interested in the solutions of the Whitham equations when the initial values are given by a step function. We also compare the resul…
Multicomponent KdV-systems are defined in terms of a set of structure constants and, as shown by Svinolupov, if these define a Jordan algebra the corresponding equations may be said to be integrable, at least in the sense of having higher-order symmetries, recursion operators and hierarchies of conservation laws. In this paper the dispersionless limits of these Jordan KdV equations are studied, under the assumptions that the Jordan algebra has a unity element and a compatible non-degenerate inner product. Much of this structure may be encoded in a so-called Jordan manifold, akin to a Frobenius…
A sequence of canonical conservation laws for all the Adler-Bobenko-Suris equations is derived and is employed in the construction of a hierarchy of master symmetries for equations H1-H3, Q1-Q3. For the discrete potential and Schwarzian KdV equations it is shown that their local generalized symmetries and non-local master symmetries in each lattice direction form centerless Virasoro type algebras. In particular, for the discrete potential KdV, the structure of its symmetry algebra is explicitly given. Interpreting the hierarchies of symmetries of equations H1-H3, Q1-Q3 as differential-differen…
We present direct methods and symbolic software for the computation of conservation laws of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) and differential-difference equations (DDEs).The methods are applied to nonlinear PDEs in (1+1) dimensions with polynomial nonlinearities which include the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV), Boussinesq, and Drinfel'd-Sokolov-Wilson equations. An adaptation of the methods is applied to PDEs with transcendental nonlinearities. Examples include the sine-Gordon, sinh-Gordon, and Liouville equations. With respect to nonlinear DDEs, our methods are applied to Kac-van Moer…
We study local conservation laws for evolution equations in two independent variables. In particular, we present normal forms for the equations admitting one or two low-order conservation laws. Examples include Harry Dym equation, Korteweg-de-Vries-type equations, and Schwarzian KdV equation. It is also shown that for linear evolution equations all their conservation laws are (modulo trivial conserved vectors) at most quadratic in the dependent variable and its derivatives.
Using methods of math.DG/0304245 and [I.S.Krasil'shchik and P.H.M.Kersten, Symmetries and recursion operators for classical and supersymmetric differential equations, Kluwer, 2000], we accomplish an extensive study of the N=1 supersymmetric Korteweg-de Vries equation. The results include: a description of local and nonlocal Hamiltonian and symplectic structures, five hierarchies of symmetries, the corresponding hierarchies of conservation laws, recursion operators for symmetries and generating functions of conservation laws. We stress that the main point of the paper is not just the results on…
We found, through analytical and numerical methods, new towers of infinite number of asymptotically conserved charges for deformations of the Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV). It is shown analytically that the standard KdV also exhibits some towers of infinite number of anomalous charges, and that their relevant anomalies vanish for $N-$soliton solution. Some deformations of the KdV model are performed through the Riccati-type pseudo-potential approach, and infinite number of exact non-local conservation laws is provided using a linear formulation of the deformed model. In order to check the d…
We construct the hierarchy of a multi-component generalisation of modified KdV equation and find exact solutions to its associated members. The construction of the hierarchy and its conservation laws is based on the Drinfel'd-Sokolov scheme, however, in our case the Lax operator contains a constant non-regular element of the underlying Lie algebra. We also derive the associated recursion operator of the hierarchy using the symmetry structure of the Lax operators. Finally, using the rational dressing method, we obtain the one soliton solution, and we find the one breather solution of general ra…
The application of the Gardner method for generation of conservation laws to all the ABS equations is considered. It is shown that all the necessary information for the application of the Gardner method, namely Bäcklund transformations and initial conservation laws, follow from the multidimensional consistency of ABS equations. We also apply the Gardner method to an asymmetric equation which is not included in the ABS classification. An analog of the Gardner method for generation of symmetries is developed and applied to discrete KdV. It can also be applied to all the other ABS equations.
We consider the construction of the deformed Whitham system for the KdV-equation in the one-phase case and investigate the conservation of the Hamiltonian properties in this situation. It is shown then, that both the Gardner - Zakharov - Faddeev and the Magri brackets give the deformed Dubrovin - Novikov brackets (the brackets of Dubrovin - Zhang type) for the deformed Whitham system constructed by our procedure. The general approach used in the paper gives a scheme for the averaging of the Poisson structures in the general situation.
A set of infinitely many nonlocal conservation laws are revealed for (1+1)-dimensional evolution equations. For some special known integrable systems, say, the KdV and Dym equations, it is found that different nonlocal conservation laws can lead to same new integrable systems via reciprocal transformation. On the other hand, it can be considered as one solution of the new model obtained via reciprocal transformation(s) can be changed to different solutions of the original model. The fact indicates also that two or more different (local and nonlocal) conservation laws can be used to find implic…
The KdV equation can be derived in the shallow water limit of the Euler equations. Over the last few decades, this equation has been extended to include higher order effects. Although this equation has only one conservation law, exact periodic and solitonic solutions exist. Khare and Saxena \cite{KhSa,KhSa14,KhSa15} demonstrated the possibility of generating new exact solutions by combining known ones for several fundamental equations (e.g., Korteweg - de Vries, Nonlinear Schrödinger). Here we find that this construction can be repeated for higher order, non-integrable extensions of these equa…
In this paper we introduce a new property of two-dimensional integrable systems -- existence of infinitely many local three-dimensional conservation laws for pairs of integrable two-dimensional commuting flows. Infinitely many three-dimensional local conservation laws for the Korteweg de Vries pair of commuting flows and for the Benney commuting hydrodynamic chains are constructed. As a by-product we established a new method for computation of local conservation laws for three-dimensional integrable systems. The Mikhalev equation and the dispersionless limit of the Kadomtsev--Petviashvili equa…
Fifth order, quasi-linear, non-constant separant evolution equations are of the form u_t=A\frac{\partial^5 u}{\partial x^5}+\tilde{B}, where A and \tilde{B} are functions of x, t, u and of the derivatives of u with respect to x up to order 4. We use the existence of a "formal symmetry", hence the existence of "canonical conservation laws" ρ_{(i)}, i=-1,...,5 as an integrability test. We define an evolution equation to be of the KdV-Type, if all odd numbered canonical conserved densities are nontrivial. We prove that fifth order, quasi-linear, non-constant separant evolution equations of KdV ty…
In this paper, based on the regular KdV system, we study negative order KdV (NKdV) equations about their Hamiltonian structures, Lax pairs, infinitely many conservation laws, and explicit multi-soliton and multi-kink wave solutions thorough bilinear Bäcklund transformations. The NKdV equations studied in our paper are differential and actually derived from the first member in the negative order KdV hierarchy. The NKdV equations are not only gauge-equivalent to the Camassa-Holm equation through some hodograph transformations, but also closely related to the Ermakov-Pinney systems, and the Kuper…
In paper [S.I. Senashov, A. Yakhno. 2012. SIGMA. Vol.8. 071] the variant of the hodograph method based on the conservation laws for two hyperbolic quasilinear equations of the first order is described. Using these results we propose a method which allows to reduce the Cauchy problem for the two quasilinear PDE's to the Cauchy problem for ODE's. The proposed method is actually some similar method of characteristics for a system of two hyperbolic quasilinear equations. The method can be used effectively in all cases, when the linear hyperbolic equation in partial derivatives of the second order …
Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur（印度理工学院卡哈拉格普尔分校）
We present a machine learning algorithm that discovers conservation laws from differential equations, both numerically (parametrized as neural networks) and symbolically, ensuring their functional independence (a non-linear generalization of linear independence). Our independence module can be viewed as a nonlinear generalization of singular value decomposition. Our method can readily handle inductive biases for conservation laws. We validate it with examples including the 3-body problem, the KdV equation and nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
The work presented here emanates from questions arising from experimental observations of the propagation of surface water waves. The experiments in question featured a periodically moving wavemaker located at one end of a flume that generated unidirectional waves of relatively small amplitude and long wavelength when compared with the undisturbed depth. It was observed that the wave profile at any point down the channel very quickly became periodic in time with the same period as that of the wavemaker. One of the questions dealt with here is whether or not such a property holds for model equa…
An alternative method of constructing the formal diagonalization for the discrete Lax operators is proposed which can be used to calculate conservation laws and in some cases generalized symmetries for discrete dynamical systems. Discrete potential KdV equation, lattice derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation, dressing chain, Toda lattice are considered as illustrative examples. For the Toda lattice on a quad graph corresponding to the Lie algebra $A_1^{(1)}$ infinite series of conservation laws are described. Systems of quad graph equations are represented including lattice versions of the …
We present here the iteration procedure for the determination of free energy $ε^{2}$-expansion using the theory of KdV - type equations. In our approach we use the conservation laws for KdV - type equations depending explicitly on times $t_{1}, t_{2}, ...$ to find the $ε^{2}$-expansion of $u(x,t_{1},t_{2},...)$ after the infinite number of shifts of $u(x,0,0,...) \equiv x$ along $t_{1}, t_{2}, ...$ in recurrent form. The formulas for the free energy expansion are just obtained then as a result of quite simple integration procedure applied to $u_{n}(x)$.
The Gardner method, traditionally used to generate conservation laws of integrable equations, is generalized to generate symmetries. The method is demonstrated for the KdV, Camassa-Holm and Sine-Gordon equations. The method involves identifying a symmetry which depends upon a parameter; expansion of this symmetry in a (formal) power series in the parameter then gives the usual infinite hierarchy of symmetries. We show that the obtained symmetries commute, discuss the relation of the Gardner method with Lenard recursion (both for generating symmetries and conservation laws), and also the connec…
In this paper, we introduce a class of new generalized super Bell polynomials on a superspace, explore their properties, and show that they are a natural and effective tool to systematically investigate integrability of supersymmetric equations. The connections between the super Bell polynomials and super bilinear representation, bilinear Bäcklund transformation, Lax pair and infinite conservation laws of supersymmetric equations are established. We take supersymmetric KdV equation and supersymmetric sine-Gordon equation to illustrate this procedure.
Nonlinear generalizations of integrable equations in one dimension, such as the KdV and Boussinesq equations with $p$-power nonlinearities, arise in many physical applications and are interesting in analysis due to critical behaviour. This paper studies analogous nonlinear $p$-power generalizations of the integrable KP equation and the Boussinesq equation in two dimensions. Several results are obtained. First, for all $p\neq 0$, a Hamiltonian formulation of both generalized equations is given. Second, all Lie symmetries are derived, including any that exist for special powers $p\neq0$. Third, …
A dual Riccati-type pseudo-potential formulation is introduced for a modified AKNS system (MAKNS) and infinite towers of novel anomalous conservation laws are uncovered. In addition, infinite towers of exact non-local conservation laws are uncovered in a linear formulation of the system. It is shown that certain modifications of the non-linear Schrödinger model (MNLS) can be obtained through a reduction process starting from the MAKNS model. So, the novel infinite sets of quasi-conservation laws and related anomalous charges are constructed by an unified and rigorous approach based on the Ricc…
We extend some of the results proved for scalar equations in [3,4], to the case of systems of integrable conservation laws. In particular, for such systems we prove that the eigenvalues of a matrix obtained from the quasilinear part of the system are invariants under Miura transformations and we show how these invariants are related to dispersion relations. Furthermore, focusing on one-parameter families of dispersionless systems of integrable conservation laws associated to the Coxeter groups of rank $2$ found in [1], we study the corresponding integrable deformations up to order $2$ in the d…
We consider a family of homogeneous nonlinear dispersive equations with two arbitrary parameters. Conservation laws are established from the point symmetries and imply that the whole family admits square integrable solutions. Recursion operators are found to two members of the family investigated. For one of them, a Lax pair is also obtained, proving its complete integrability. From the Lax pair we construct a Miura-type transformation relating the original equation to the KdV equation. This transformation, on the other hand, enables us to obtain solutions of the equation from the kernel of a …
A new approach to the perturbative analysis of dynamical systems, which can be described approximately by soliton solutions of integrable nonlinear wave equations, is employed in the case of small-amplitude solutions of the ion acoustic wave equations of Plasma Physics. Instead of the traditional derivation of a perturbed KdV equation, the ion velocity is written as a sum of two components: elastic and inelastic. In the single-soliton case, the elastic component is the full solution. In the multiple-soliton case, it is complemented by the inelastic component. The original system is transformed…
The problem of linearization for third order evolution equations is considered. Criteria for testing equations for linearity are presented. A class of linearizable equations depending on arbitrary functions is obtained by requiring presence of an infinite-dimensional symmetry group. Linearizing transformations for this class are found using symmetry structure and local conservation laws. A number of special cases as examples are discussed. Their transformation to equations within the same class by differential substitutions and connection with KdV and mKdV equations are also reviewed in this f…
Conservation laws, heirarchies, scattering theory and Bäcklund transformations are known to be the building blocks of integrable partial differential equations. We identify these as facets of a theory of Poisson group actions, and apply the theory to the ZS-AKNS nxn heirarchy (which includes the non-linear Schrödinger equation, modified KdV, and the n-wave equation). We also discuss a number of applications in geometry, including the sine-Gordon equation, harmonic maps, Schrödinger flows on Hermitian symmetric spaces, Darboux orthogonal coordinates, and isometric immerisons of one space form i…
Ideal gas dynamics can develop shock-like singularities with discontinuous density. Viscosity typically regularizes such singularities and leads to a shock structure. On the other hand, in 1d, singularities in the Hopf equation can be non-dissipatively smoothed via KdV dispersion. Here, we develop a minimal conservative regularization of 3d ideal adiabatic flow of a gas with polytropic exponent $γ$. It is achieved by augmenting the Hamiltonian by a capillarity energy $β(ρ) (\nabla ρ)^2$. The simplest capillarity coefficient leading to local conservation laws for mass, momentum, energy and entr…
Generalization of the modified KdV equation to a multi-component system, that is expressed by $(\partial u_i)/(\partial t) + 6 (\sum_{j,k=0}^{M-1} C_{jk} u_j u_k) (\partial u_i)/(\partial x) + (\partial^3 u_{i})/(\partial x^3) = 0, i=0, 1, ..., M-1 $, is studied. We apply a new extended version of the inverse scattering method to this system. It is shown that this system has an infinite number of conservation laws and multi-soliton solutions. Further, the initial value problem of the model is solved.
