Although primarily designed for hydrogen production, electrolyzers can support power systems by providing various ancillary services, opening new revenue streams that enhance their economic viability. This paper investigates the participation of an electrolyzer in frequency-supporting reserve markets, analyzing how bid structures and activation intensities affect its value. We develop a mixed-integer linear program to co-optimize electricity procurement and reserve provision, and analytically derive the opportunity cost of reserve provision, which determines the optimal bid price. Using historical price and frequency data from western Denmark, we show that asymmetric, hourly reserve products often entail no opportunity cost and can increase profits by up to 47%. However, energy-intensive reserves may disrupt hydrogen production and risk unmet demand. Our findings reveal that flexible bidding can mitigate these risks while maintaining profitability. We also highlight the benefits of diversifying across reserve products and offer two recommendations: System operators should reconsider reserve bid structures to better accommodate electrolyzers, and electrolyzer owners should not overlook energy-intensive reserve services when hydrogen demand is flexible.
Equilibrium models to analyse the impact of different coordination schemes between TSO and DSOs on market power in sequentially-cleared energy and ancillary services markets under load and renewable generation uncertainty
Strike Price Optimization for ISO New England's Day-Ahead Ancillary Services
Operations Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院操作研究中心）；MIT Sloan School of Management（麻省理工学院斯隆管理学院）；ISO New England（新英格兰独立系统运营商）
Real-time Control of Battery Energy Storage Systems to Provide Ancillary Services Considering Voltage-Dependent Capability of DC-AC Converters
频率响应和电压支持是电网的重要辅助服务。在本文中，我们设计和实验验证了电池储能系统（BESSs）的实时控制框架，以提供辅助服务的电网。控制系统的目的是利用BESS的全部能力来提供辅助服务。以DC-AC变换器的电压依赖能力曲线和BESS的安全要求作为控制系统的约束条件。基于下垂控制方法获得初始功率设定点。为了保证转换器容量和BESS安全约束的功率设定点的可行性，最终的功率设定点计算被配制为非凸优化问题。然后，提出了一个凸的和计算效率的重新制定的原始控制问题。我们证明了所提出的凸优化给出了原非凸问题的全局最优解。通过对优化模型的可行域进行离散化，提高了算法的计算性能。我们实现了100 ms的更新时间的控制器设定值计算在实验验证的公用事业规模720 kVA / 560千瓦时BESS在EPFL校园。
Optimal Policies for Simultaneous Energy Consumption and Ancillary Service Provision for Flexible Loads under Stochastic Prices and No Capacity Reservation Constraint
