This paper extends the research on the self-consistent effective-one-body theory of a real spinless two-body system based on the post-Minkowskian approximation (Science China, 65, 100411, (2022)) to the case of a binary system for the spinning black holes. An effective rotating metric and an improved Hamiltonian for the spinning black hole binaries were constructed. The decoupled equation for the null tetrad component of the gravitational perturbed Weyl tensor $ψ^B_{4}$ in the effective rotating spacetime is found with the help of the gauge transform characteristics of the Weyl tensors. The decoupled equation is then separated between radial and angular variables in the slowly rotating background spacetime, and a formal solution of $ψ^B_{4}$ is obtained. On this basis, the formal expressions of the radiation reaction force and the waveform for the ``plus'' and ``cross'' modes of the gravitational wave are presented. These results, obtained in the same effective spacetime, constitute a self-consistent effective-one-body theory for the spinning black hole binaries based on the post-Minkowskian approximation.
Recently, the gravitational scattering of two black holes (BHs) treated at the leading order in the weak-field, or post-Minkowskian (PM), approximation to General Relativity has been shown to map bijectively onto a simpler effectively one-body process: the scattering of a test BH in a stationary BH spacetime. Here, for BH spins aligned with the orbital angular momentum, we propose a simple extension of that mapping to 2PM order. We provide evidence for the validity and utility of this 2PM mapping by demonstrating its compatibility with all known analytical results for the conservative local-in…
We demonstrate equivalences, under simple mappings, between the dynamics of three distinct systems---(i) an arbitrary-mass-ratio two-spinning-black-hole system, (ii) a spinning test black hole in a background Kerr spacetime, and (iii) geodesic motion in Kerr---when each is considered in the first post-Minkowskian (1PM) approximation to general relativity, i.e. to linear order $G$ but to all orders in $1/c$, and to all orders in the black holes' spins, with all orders in the multipole expansions of their linearized gravitational fields. This is accomplished via computations of the net results o…
Using the spinning worldline quantum field theory formalism we calculate the quadratic-in-spin momentum impulse $Δp_i^μ$ and spin kick $Δa_i^μ$ from a scattering of two arbitrarily oriented spinning massive bodies (black holes or neutron stars) in a weak gravitational background up to third post-Minkowskian (PM) order ($G^3$). Two-loop Feynman integrals are performed in the potential region, yielding conservative results. For spins aligned to the orbital angular momentum we find a conservative scattering angle that is fully consistent with state-of-the-art post-Newtonian results. Using the 2PM…
Building upon recent progress in applying on-shell amplitude techniques to classical observables in general relativity, we propose a closed-form formula for the conservative Hamiltonian of a spinning binary system at the 1st post-Minkowskian (1PM) order. It is applicable for general spinning bodies with arbitrary spin multipole moments. The formula is linear in gravitational constant by definition, but exact to all orders in momentum and spin expansions. At each spin order, our formula implies that the spin-dependence and momentum dependence factorize almost completely. We expand our formula i…
We compute the rotations, during a scattering encounter, of the spins of two gravitationally interacting particles at second-order in the gravitational constant (second post-Minkowskian order). Following a strategy introduced in Phys. Rev. D {\bf 96}, 104038 (2017), we transcribe our result into a correspondingly improved knowledge of the spin-orbit sector of the Effective One-Body (EOB) Hamiltonian description of the dynamics of spinning binary systems. We indicate ways of resumming our results for defining improved versions of spinning EOB codes which might help in providing a better analyti…
Resumming Spinning Black Hole Dynamics at Third Post-Minkowskian Order
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所尼尔斯·玻尔国际学院）
The harmonic metric for a moving Kerr black hole is presented in the second post-Minkowskian approximation. It is further demonstrated that the obtained metric is consistent with the Liénard-Wiechert gravitational potential for a moving and spinning source with an arbitrary constant velocity. Based on the metric, we also give the post-Newtonian equations of motion for photon and massive test particle in the time-dependent gravitational field.
We present a novel calculation of the four-momentum that is radiated into gravitational waves during the scattering of two arbitrarily spinning bodies. Our result, which is accurate to leading order in $G$, to quadratic order in the spins, and to all orders in the velocity, is derived by using a Routhian-based worldline effective field theory formalism in concert with a battery of analytic techniques for evaluating loop integrals. While nonspinning binaries radiate momentum only along the direction of their relative velocity, we show that the inclusion of spins generically allows for momentum …
Self-consistent Effective-one-body theory for spinless binaries based on post-Minkowskian approximation I: Hamiltonian and decoupled equation for $ψ^B_{4}$
We derive a fully analytic Keplerian-type parametrization solution to conservative motion of spinning binary in ADM gauge. This solution is able to describe three dimensional motion of binaries of arbitrary eccentricity, mass ratio and initial configuration of spin angular momentum up to the leading order of post-Newtonian(PN) approximation and a linear order in spin. Based on our results waveforms can be quickly computed with high accuracy.
We present the first analytical computation of the (conservative) gravitational self-force correction to the periastron advance around a spinning black hole. Our result is accurate to the second order in the rotational parameter and through the 9.5 post-Newtonian level. It has been obtained as the circular limit of the correction to the gyroscope precession invariant along slightly eccentric equatorial orbits in the Kerr spacetime. The latter result is also new and we anticipate here the first few terms only of the corresponding post-Newtonian expansion.
The leading-order spin-orbit coupling is included in a post-Newtonian Lagrangian formulation of spinning compact binaries, which consists of the Newtonian term, first post-Newtonian (1PN) and 2PN non-spin terms and 2PN spin-spin coupling. This makes a 3PN spin-spin coupling occur in the derived Hamiltonian. The spin-spin couplings are mainly responsible for chaos in the Hamiltonians. However, the 3PN spin-spin Hamiltonian is small and has different signs, compared with the 2PN spin-spin Hamiltonian equivalent to the 2PN spin-spin Lagrangian. As a result, the probability of the occurrence of ch…
It is customary to use a precessing convention, based on Newtonian orbital angular momentum ${\bf L}_{\rm N}$, to model inspiral gravitational waves from generic spinning compact binaries. A key feature of such a precessing convention is its ability to remove all spin precession induced modulations from the orbital phase evolution. However, this convention usually employs a post-Newtonian (PN) accurate precessional equation, appropriate for the PN accurate orbital angular momentum ${\bf L}$, to evolve the ${\bf L}_{\rm N}$-based precessing source frame. This motivated us to develop inspiral wa…
Gravitational wave observatories targeted for compact binary coalescence, such as LIGO and VIRGO, require various theoretical inputs for their efficient detection. One of such inputs are analytical description of binary dynamics at sufficiently separated orbital scales, commonly known as post-Newtonian dynamics. One approach for determining such two-body effective Hamiltonians is to use quantum scattering amplitudes. This dissertation aims at an improved understanding of classical physics of spinning bodies in quantum scattering amplitudes, for application to the problem of effective two-body …
We present an analytical waveform family describing gravitational waves (GWs) from the inspiral, merger and ringdown of non-spinning black-hole binaries including the effect of several non-quadrupole modes [($\ell = 2, m = \pm 1), (\ell = 3, m = \pm 3), (\ell = 4, m = \pm 4)$ apart from $(\ell = 2, m=\pm2)$]. We first construct spin-weighted spherical harmonics modes of hybrid waveforms by matching numerical-relativity simulations (with mass ratio $1-10$) describing the late inspiral, merger and ringdown of the binary with post-Newtonian/effective-one-body waveforms describing the early inspir…
We consider different spin supplementary conditions (SSC) for a spinning compact binary with the leading-order spin-orbit (SO) interaction. The Lagrangian of the binary system can be constructed but it is acceleration-dependent in two cases of SSC. We rewrite the generalized Hamiltonian formalism proposed by Ostrogradsky and compute the conserved quantities and the dissipative part of relative motion during the gravitational radiation of each SSC. We give the orbital elements and observed quantities of the SO dynamics, for instance the energy and the orbital angular momentum losses and wavefor…
Building upon the Noether charge formalism of Iyer and Wald, we derive a variational formula for spacetimes admitting a Killing vector field, for a generic energy-momentum distribution with compact support. Applying this general result to the particular case of a binary system of spinning compact objects moving along an exactly circular orbit, modelled using the multipolar gravitational skeleton formalism, we derive a first law of compact binary mechanics at dipolar order. We prove the equivalence of this new result with the canonical Hamiltonian first law previously derived for binary systems…
We obtain the total impulse in the scattering of non-spinning binaries in general relativity at fourth Post-Minkowskian order, i.e. ${\cal O}(G^4)$, including linear, nonlinear, and hereditary radiation-reaction effects. We derive the total radiated spacetime momentum as well as the associated energy flux. The latter can be used to compute gravitational-wave observables for generic (un)bound orbits. We employ the ("in-in") Schwinger-Keldysh worldline effective field theory framework in combination with modern "multi-loop" integration techniques from collider physics. The complete results are i…
We present the gravitational-wave flux balance law in an extreme mass-ratio binary with a spinning secondary. This law relates the flux of energy (angular momentum) radiated to null infinity and through the event horizon to the local change in the secondary's orbital energy (angular momentum) for generic (non-resonant) bound orbits in Kerr spacetime. As an explicit example we compute these quantities for a spin-aligned body moving on a circular orbit around a Schwarzschild black hole. We perform this calculation both analytically, via a high-order post-Newtonian expansion, and numerically in t…
We develop a general formalism for computing classical observables for relativistic scattering of spinning particles, directly from on-shell amplitudes. We then apply this formalism to minimally coupled Einstein-gravity amplitudes for the scattering of massive spin 1/2 and spin 1 particles with a massive scalar, constructed using the double copy. In doing so we reproduce recent results at first post-Minkowskian order for the scattering of spinning black holes, through quadrupolar order in the spin-multipole expansion.
We complete the computation of the gravitational waveform amplitude for non-spinning compact binaries to the third and a half post-Newtonian (PN) order in the quasi-circular case. This is done by performing a spin-weighted spherical harmonics decomposition of the amplitude. This computation is achieved using the post-Newtonian-Multipolar-post-Minkowskian formalism. The amplitude modes are written in a PN expanded way as well as a factorized form suitable for EOB template building. Combining this work with previous ones, we provide in the supplemental materials the expressions of the modes incl…
