We develop the theory of relative monads and relative adjunctions in a virtual equipment, extending the theory of monads and adjunctions in a 2-category. The theory of relative comonads and relative coadjunctions follows by duality. While some aspects of the theory behave analogously to the non-relative setting, others require new insights. In particular, the universal properties that define the algebra object and the opalgebra object for a monad in a virtual equipment are stronger than the classical notions of algebra object and opalgebra object for a monad in a 2-category. Inter alia, we prove a number of representation theorems for relative monads, establishing the unity of several concepts in the literature, including the devices of Walters, the $j$-monads of Diers, and the relative monads of Altenkirch, Chapman, and Uustalu. A motivating setting is the virtual equipment $\mathbb{V}\text{-}\mathbf{\mathbb{C}at}$ of categories enriched in a monoidal category $\mathbb{V}$, though many of our results are new even for $\mathbb{V} = \mathbf{Set}$.
We give a 3-categorical, purely formal argument explaining why on the category of Kleisli algebras for a lax monoidal monad, and dually on the category of Eilenberg-Moore algebras for an oplax monoidal monad, we always have a natural monoidal structures. The key observation is that the 2-category of lax monoidal monads in any 2-category D with finite products is isomorphic to the 2-category of monoidal objects with oplax morphisms in the 2-category of monads with lax morphisms in D. As we explain at the end of the paper a similar phenomenon occurs in many other situations.
Generalized operads, also called generalized multicategories and $T$-monoids, are defined as monads within a Kleisli bicategory. With or without emphasizing their monoidal nature, generalized operads have been considered by numerous authors in different contexts, with examples including symmetric multicategories, topological spaces, globular operads and Lawvere theories. In this paper we study functoriality of the Kleisli construction, and correspondingly that of generalized operads. Motivated by this problem we develop a lax version of the formal theory of monads, and study its connection to …
In this paper we provide a detailed construction of an equivalence between the category of Lawvere theories and the category of relative monads on the obvious functor $Jf:F\rightarrow Sets$ where $F$ is the category with the set of objects ${\bf N}$ and morphisms being the functions between the standard finite sets of the corresponding cardinalities. The methods of this paper are fully constructive and it should be formalizable in the Zermelo-Fraenkel theory without the axiom of choice and the excluded middle. It is also easily formalizable in the UniMath.
Certain aspects of Street's formal theory of monads in 2-categories are extended to multimonoidal monads in symmetric strict monoidal 2-categories. Namely, any symmetric strict monoidal 2-category $\mathcal M$ admits a symmetric strict monoidal 2-category of pseudomonoids, monoidal 1-cells and monoidal 2-cells in $\mathcal M$. Dually, there is a symmetric strict monoidal 2-category of pseudomonoids, opmonoidal 1-cells and opmonoidal 2-cells in $\mathcal M$. Extending a construction due to Aguiar and Mahajan for $\mathcal M=\mathsf{Cat}$, we may apply the first construction $p$-times and the se…
We introduce a generalization of monads, called relative monads, allowing for underlying functors between different categories. Examples include finite-dimensional vector spaces, untyped and typed lambda-calculus syntax and indexed containers. We show that the Kleisli and Eilenberg-Moore constructions carry over to relative monads and are related to relative adjunctions. Under reasonable assumptions, relative monads are monoids in the functor category concerned and extend to monads, giving rise to a coreflection between relative monads and monads. Arrows are also an instance of relative monads…
We prove an equivalence between cocomplete Yoneda structures and certain proarrow equipments on a 2-category $\mathcal K$. In order to do this, we recognize the presheaf construction of a cocomplete Yoneda structure as a relative, lax idempotent monad sending each admissible 1-cell $f :A \to B$ to an adjunction $\boldsymbol{P}_!f\dashv\boldsymbol{P}^*f$. Each cocomplete Yoneda structure on $\mathcal K$ arises in this way from a relative lax idempotent monad "with enough adjoint 1-cells", whose domain generates the ideal of admissibles, and the Kleisli category of such a monad equips its domain…
Fix a monoidal category C. The 2-category of monads in the 2-category of C-actegories, colax C-equivarant functors, and C-equivariant natural transformations of colax functors, may be recast in terms of pairs consisting of a usual monad and a distributive law between the monad and the action of C, morphisms of monads respecting the distributive law, and transformations of monads satisfying some compatibility with the actions and distributive laws involved. The monads in this picture may be generalized to actions of monoidal categories, and actions of PRO-s in particular. If C is a PRO as well,…
Monads can be interpreted as encoding formal expressions, or formal operations in the sense of universal algebra. We give a construction which formalizes the idea of "evaluating an expression partially": for example, "2+3" can be obtained as a partial evaluation of "2+2+1". This construction can be given for any monad, and it is linked to the famous bar construction, of which it gives an operational interpretation: the bar construction induces a simplicial set, and its 1-cells are partial evaluations. We study the properties of partial evaluations for general monads. We prove that whenever the…
We extend the basic concepts of Street's formal theory of monads from the setting of 2-categories to that of double categories. In particular, we introduce the double category Mnd(C) of monads in a double category C and define what it means for a double category to admit the construction of free monads. Our main theorem shows that, under some mild conditions, a double category that is a framed bicategory admits the construction of free monads if its horizontal 2-category does. We apply this result to obtain double adjunctions which extend the adjunction between graphs and categories and the ad…
In this paper, we introduce a cofibrant simplicial category that we call the free homotopy coherent adjunction and characterize its n-arrows using a graphical calculus that we develop here. The hom-spaces are appropriately fibrant, indeed are nerves of categories, which indicates that all of the expected coherence equations in each dimension are present. To justify our terminology, we prove that any adjunction of quasi-categories extends to a homotopy coherent adjunction and furthermore that these extensions are homotopically unique in the sense that the relevant spaces of extensions are contr…
Given a monad T on a suitable enriched category B equipped with a proper factorization system (E,M), we define notions of T-completion, T-closure, and T-density. We show that not only the familiar notions of completion, closure, and density in normed vector spaces, but also the notions of sheafification, closure, and density with respect to a Lawvere-Tierney topology, are instances of the given abstract notions. The process of T-completion is equally the enriched idempotent monad associated to T (which we call the idempotent core of T), and we show that it exists as soon as every morphism in B…
Monads govern computational side-effects in programming semantics. They can be combined in a ''bottom-up'' way to handle several instances of such effects. Indexed monads and graded monads do this in a modular way. Here, instead, we equip monads with fine-grained structure in a ''top-down'' way, using techniques from tensor topology. This provides an intrinsic theory of local computational effects without needing to know how constituent effects interact beforehand. Specifically, any monoidal category decomposes as a sheaf of local categories over a base space. We identify a notion of localisab…
Let $F$ be the category with the set of objects $\bf N$ and morphisms being the functions between the standard finite sets of the corresponding cardinalities. Let $Jf:F\rightarrow Sets$ be the obvious functor from this category to the category of sets. In this paper we construct, for any relative monad $\bf RR$ on $Jf$ and a left module $\bf LM$ over $\bf RR$, a C-system $C({\bf RR},{\bf LM})$ and explicitly compute the action of the B-system operations on its B-sets. In the following paper it is used to provide a rigorous mathematical approach to the construction of the C-systems underlying t…
We define Frobenius-Eilenberg-Moore objects for a dagger Frobenius monad in an arbitrary dagger 2-category, and extend to the dagger context a well-known universal property of the formal theory of monads. We show that the free completion of a 2-category under Eilenberg-Moore objects extends to the dagger context, provided one is willing to work with such dagger Frobenius monads whose endofunctor part suitably commutes with their unit. Finally, we define dagger lax functors and dagger lax-limits of such functors, and show that Frobenius-Eilenberg-Moore objects are examples of such limits.
Monads are well known to be equivalent to lax functors out of the terminal category. Morita contexts are here shown to be lax functors out of the chaotic category with two objects. This allows various aspects in the theory of Morita contexts to be seen as special cases of general results about lax functors. The account we give of this could serve as an introduction to lax functors for those familiar with the theory of monads. We also prove some very general results along these lines relative to a given 2-comonad, with the classical case of ordinary monad theory amounting to the case of the ide…
It is known that the so-called monadic decomposition, applied to the adjunction connecting the category of bialgebras to the category of vector spaces via the tensor and the primitive functors, returns the usual adjunction between bialgebras and (restricted) Lie algebras. Moreover, in this framework, the notions of augmented monad and combinatorial rank play a central role. In order to set these results into a wider context, we are led to substitute the monadic decomposition by what we call the adjoint decomposition. This construction has the advantage of reducing the computational complexity …
We define and study a probability monad on the category of complete metric spaces and short maps. It assigns to each space the space of Radon probability measures on it with finite first moment, equipped with the Kantorovich-Wasserstein distance. This monad is analogous to the Giry monad on the category of Polish spaces, and it extends a construction due to van Breugel for compact and for 1-bounded complete metric spaces. We prove that this Kantorovich monad arises from a colimit construction on finite power-like constructions, which formalizes the intuition that probability measures are limit…
We contribute to the formal theory of pseudomonads, i.e. the analogue for pseudomonads of the formal theory of monads. In particular, we solve a problem posed by Steve Lack by proving that, for every Gray-category K, there is a Gray-category Psm(K) of pseudomonads, pseudomonad morphisms, pseudomonad transformations and pseudomonad modifications in K. We then establish a triequivalence between Psm(K) and the Gray-category of pseudomonads introduced by Marmolejo. Finally, these results are applied to give a clear account of the coherence conditions for pseudodistributive laws. 41 pages. Comments…
{\em Galois comodules} over a coring can be characterised by properties of the relative injective comodules. They motivated the definition of {\em Galois functors} over some comonad (or monad) on any category and in the first section of the present paper we investigate the role of the relative injectives (projectives) in this context. Then we generalise the notion of corings (derived from an entwining of an algebra and a coalgebra) to the entwining of a monad and a comonad. Hereby a key role is played by the notion of a {\em grouplike natural transformation} $g:I\to G$ generalising the groupli…
Notions and techniques of enriched category theory can be used to study topological structures, like metric spaces, topological spaces and approach spaces, in the context of topological theories. Recently in [D. Hofmann, Injective spaces via adjunction, arXiv:0804.0326 [math.CV]] the construction of a Yoneda embedding allowed to identify injectivity of spaces as cocompleteness and to show monadicity of the category of injective spaces and left adjoints over $\mathsf{Set}$. In this paper we generalise these results, studying cocompleteness with respect to a given class of distributors. We show …
A dagger category is a category equipped with a functorial way of reversing morphisms, i.e. a contravariant involutive identity-on-objects endofunctor. Dagger categories with additional structure have been studied under different names e.g. in categorical quantum mechanics and algebraic field theory. In this thesis we study the dagger in its own right and show how basic category theory adapts to dagger categories. We develop a notion of a dagger limit that we show is suitable in the following ways: it subsumes special cases known from the literature; dagger limits are unique up to unitary isom…
We introduce Hopf polyads in order to unify Hopf monads and group actions on monoidal categories. A polyad is a lax functor from a small category (its source) to the bicategory of categories, and a Hopf polyad is a comonoidal polyad whose fusion operators are invertible. The main result states that the lift of a Hopf polyad is a strong (co)monoidal action-type polyad (or strong monoidal pseudofunctor). The lift of a polyad is a new polyad having simpler structure but the same category of modules. We show that, under certain assumptions, a Hopf polyad can be `wrapped up' into a Hopf monad. This…
A Tannakian category is an abelian tensor category equipped with a fiber functor and additional structures which ensure that it is equivalent to the category of representations of some affine groupoid scheme acting on the spectrum of a field extension. If we are working over an arbitrary commutative ring rather than a field, the categories of representations cease to be abelian. We provide a list of sufficient conditions which ensure that an additive tensor category is equivalent to the category of representations of an affine groupoid scheme acting on an affine scheme, or, more generally, to …
