The Analytical Method algorithm for trigger primitives generation at the LHC Drift Tubes detector
G. Abbiendi, J. Alcaraz Maestre, A. Álvarez Fernández, B. Álvarez González, N. Amapane, I. Bachiller, L. Barcellan, C. Baldanza, C. Battilana, M. Bellato, G. Be… 展开作者
G. Abbiendi, J. Alcaraz Maestre, A. Álvarez Fernández, B. Álvarez González, N. Amapane, I. Bachiller, L. Barcellan, C. Baldanza, C. Battilana, M. Bellato, G. Bencze, M. Benettoni, N. Beni, A. Benvenuti, A. Bergnoli, L. C. Blanco Ramos, L. Borgonovi, A. Bragagnolo, V. Cafaro, A. Calderon, E. Calvo, R. Carlin, C. A. Carrillo Montoya, F. R. Cavallo, J. M. Cela Ruiz, M. Cepeda, M. Cerrada, P. Checchia, L. Ciano, N. Colino, D. Corti, G. Cotto, A. Crupano, S. Cuadrado Calzada, J. Cuevas, M. Cuffiani, G. M. Dallavalle, D. Dattola, B. De La Cruz, C. I. de Lara Rodríguez, P. De Remigis, C. Erice Cid, D. Eliseev, F. Fabbri, A. Fanfani, D. Fasanella, C. F. Bedoya, J. F. de Trocóniz, D. Fernández del Val, J. Fernández Menéndez, J. P. Fernández Ramos, S. Folgueras, M. C. Fouz, D. Francia Ferrero, J. García Romero, F. Gasparini, U. Gasparini, V. Giordano, F. Gonella, I. González Caballero, J. R. González Fernández, O. González López, S. Goy López, A. Gozzelino, A. Griggio, G. Grosso, C. Guandalini, L. Guiducci, M. Gulmini, T. Hebbeker, K. Hoepfner, R. Isocrate, M. I. Josa, B. Kiani, J. León Holgado, S. Lo Meo, E. Lusiani, L. Lunerti, S. Marcellini, M. Margoni, C. Mariotti, I. Martín Martín, J. J. Martínez Morales, S. Maselli, G. Masetti, A. T. Meneguzzo, M. Merschmeyer, M. Migliorini, L. Modenese, J. Molnar, F. Montecassiano, J. Mora Martínez, D. Moran, S. Mukherjee, J. J. Navarrete, F. Navarria, A. Navarro Tobar, F. Nowotny, E. Palencia Cortezón, M. Passaseo, J. Pazzini, M. Pelliccioni, A. Perrotta, B. Philipps, J. Piedra Gomez, F. Primavera, J. Puerta Pelayo, J. C. Puras Sánchez, C. Ramón Álvarez, I. Redondo, D. D. Redondo Ferrero, H. Reithler, R. Reyes-Almanza, V. Rodríguez Bouza, P. Ronchese, A. M. Rossi, R. Rossin, F. Rotondo, T. Rovelli, S. Sánchez Cruz, S. Sánchez Navas, J. Sastre, A. Sharma, F. Simonetto, A. Soto Rodríguez, A. Staiano, Z. Szillasi, D. F. Teyssier, N. Toniolo, G. Torromeo, A. Trapote, N. Trevisani, A. Triossi, D. Trocino, B. Ujvari, G. Umoret, L. Urda Gómez, B. Uwe, S. Ventura, C. Vico Villalba, S. Wiedenbeck, M. Zanetti, F. P. Zantis, G. Zilizi, P. Zotto, A. Zucchetta
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment prepares its Phase-2 upgrade for the high-luminosity era of the LHC operation (HL-LHC). Due to the increase of occupancy, trigger latency and rates, the full electronics of the CMS Drift Tube (DT) chambers will need to be replaced. In the new design, the time bin for the digitisation of the chamber signals will be of around 1~ns, and the totality of the signals will be forwarded asynchronously to the service cavern at full resolution. The new backend system will be in charge of building the trigger primitives of each chamber. These trigger primitives contain the information at chamber level about the muon candidates position, direction, and collision time, and are used as input in the L1 CMS trigger. The added functionalities will improve the robustness of the system against ageing. An algorithm based on analytical solutions for reconstructing the DT trigger primitives, called Analytical Method, has been implemented both as a software C++ emulator and in firmware. Its performance has been estimated using the software emulator with simulated and real data samples, and through hardware implementation tests. Measured efficiencies are 96 to 98\% for all qualities and time and spatial resolutions are close to the ultimate performance of the DT chambers. A prototype chain of the HL-LHC electronics using the Analytical Method for trigger primitive generation has been installed during Long Shutdown 2 of the LHC and operated in CMS cosmic data taking campaigns in 2020 and 2021. Results from this validation step, the so-called Slice Test, are presented.
Development of a Highly Selective First-Level Muon Trigger for ATLAS at HL-LHC Exploiting Precision Muon Drift-Tube Data
高亮度大型强子对撞机（HL-LHC）将提供一个独特的机会来探索物理学的本质，超越强和电弱相互作用的标准模型。高度选择性的第一级触发器对于HL-LHC的ATLAS实验的物理方案至关重要，其中瞬时光度将超过LHC Run 1的瞬时光度约一个数量级。ATLAS第一级μ子触发率主要由低动量μ子控制，这是因为RPC和TGC触发室的中等动量分辨率而被接受的。利用精密μ子漂移管（MDT）室的数据进行一级触发决策，可以克服这一局限性。这需要将MDT命中连续快速传输到检测器外触发逻辑和快速跟踪重建算法。μ子触发率的减少，可实现与建议的新的触发概念，一种新的快速跟踪重建算法的性能，和第一个硬件演示的方案与μ子测试束数据在欧洲核子研究中心伽马辐照设施进行了讨论。
A firmware oriented trigger algorithm for CMS Drift Tubes in HL-LHC
计划全面更换CMS（紧凑型μ子螺线管）探测器中现有的μ子触发系统，以在HL-LHC（高亮度大型强子对撞机）中预期的约$5-7.5\times10^{34}$ cm $^{-2}$ s $^{-1}$的最大瞬时亮度下工作。在该计划中，为DT（漂移管）探测器设计的新的探测器上电子设备将以其最大的时间分辨率读出所有的腔室信息。一个新的触发系统，基于最高性能的FPGA，正在设计中，将能够提供精确的μ子重建和束流交叉识别。设计了一种易于移植到FPGA架构的算法来实现DT检测器的新触发原语信息。该算法从单线DT命中重建μ子段，由于单元中的漂移时间，该命中包含400 ns的时间不确定性。该算法提供了DT室可实现的最大分辨率，并使硬件系统更接近离线性能。模拟结果和新的电子测试台的第一次实施将显示。
Hardware Implementation of a Fast Algorithm for the Reconstruction of Muon Tracks in ATLAS Muon Drift-Tube Chambers for the First-Level Muon Trigger at the HL-LHC
CATIROC: an integrated chip for neutrino experiments using photomultiplier tubes
为了利用大量的光电倍增管进行下一代中微子实验，研制了一种专用集成电路CATIROC（Charge And Time Integrated Read Out Chip）。每个CATIROC都为16个可配置输入通道提供时间和电荷测量，这些通道在无触发器模式下工作。最初设计用于水切伦科夫探测器中的光发射，我们在本文中表明，它的使用可以扩展到基于液体闪烁体的实验。正在中国建造的JUNO实验的$\sim$ 26000 3英寸光电倍增管就是一个很好的例子。本文介绍了CATIROC的特点，特别注意其应用于液体蒸发器中光发射时间分布的最关键点。在电荷和时间测量中实现的性能可以为未来利用PMT或其他光敏探测器的高精度实验提供输入。
Design and FPGA Implementation of WOMBAT: A Deep Neural Network Level-1 Trigger System for Jet Substructure Identification and Boosted $H\rightarrow b\bar{b}$ Tagging at the CMS Experiment
