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arXiv 2211.06342stat.ME
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多组临床试验中患者的最优分配

Optimal Patient Allocation in Multi-Arm Clinical Trials

Martin Law

摘要:

多组多阶段试验是一项多组试验,包括中期分析-在某些特定时间点分析数据,通常停止结论为无效的治疗,并继续进行其余治疗。通过考虑分配比R,多组试验相对于单组试验的优势可能会进一步增强。对于R:1的分配比例,Rn例患者被分配到对照组,n例患者被分配到每个活性治疗组,在本研究中,最佳分配比例将被定义为导致最小总样本量满足某些要求的把握度和第一类错误概率的分配比例。在临床试验中,这是一个直观的定义,因为较小的试验通常比满足相同错误率的较大试验更符合伦理,成本更低。本文的目的是探讨在多个活性治疗组的情况下的最优分配比例。第2节描述了K个活性治疗组的单阶段试验的设置,以及Dunnett关于这种情况下最佳分配比的声明的简要说明。推导出了第一类错误和功效的方程,并描述了用于研究如何使用分配比使总样本量最小化的方法。然后考虑使用相同的方法进行两阶段试验。在第3节中给出了显示总样本量如何随第一类错误和把握度值范围内的分配比变化的图表。第3节还介绍了改变分配比例可能带来的道德和财务利益,包括一个简单的例子。第4节讨论了这些结果及其实际意义。

英文摘要:

A multi-arm multi-stage trial is a multi-arm trial which includes interim analyses - analysing the data at certain specified points, generally discontinuing treatments which are concluded to not work and proceeding with the remainder. It is possible that the advantages of multi-arm trials over single-arm trials may be enhanced further by considering the allocation ratio, R. For an R:1 allocation ratio, Rn patients are allocated to the control arm and n patients allocated to each active treatment arm. In this study, the optimal allocation ratio will be defined as the allocation ratio which results in the smallest total sample size satisfying some required power and probability of type I error. This is an intuitive definition in the context of clinical trials, as a smaller trial will in general be more ethical and less expensive than a larger one satisfying the same error rates. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimal allocation ratio in the case of multiple active treatment arms. The setup for a single stage trial with K active treatment arms is described in Section 2, along with a brief exposition of Dunnett's statement regarding the optimal allocation ratio in such circumstances. Equations for type I error and power are derived, and the methodology used to investigate how total sample size may be minimised using allocation ratio is described. A two-stage trial is then considered, using the same methodology. Figures and tables showing how total sample size changes with allocation ratio, for a range of type I error and power values, are given in Section 3. The possible ethical and financial benefits of changing allocation ratio, including a simple example, is also included in Section 3. The results, and what they could mean in practical terms, are discussed in Section 4.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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