Developing a New Generation of Integrated Micro-Spec Far Infrared Spectrometers for the EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM)
Carolyn G. Volpert, Emily M. Barrentine, Mona Mirzaei, Alyssa Barlis, Alberto D. Bolatto, Berhanu Bulcha, Giuseppe Cataldo, Jake A. Connors, Nicholas Costen, Ne… 展开作者
Carolyn G. Volpert, Emily M. Barrentine, Mona Mirzaei, Alyssa Barlis, Alberto D. Bolatto, Berhanu Bulcha, Giuseppe Cataldo, Jake A. Connors, Nicholas Costen, Negar Ehsan, Thomas Essinger-Hileman, Jason Glenn, James P. Hays-Wehle, Larry A. Hess, Alan J. Kogut, Harvey Moseley, Jonas Mugge-Durum, Omid Noroozian, Trevor M. Oxholm, Maryam Rahmani, Thomas Stevenson, Eric R. Switzer, Joseph Watson, Edward J. Wollack
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9 pages, 5 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of the SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation (2022)
The current state of far-infrared astronomy drives the need to develop compact, sensitive spectrometers for future space and ground-based instruments. Here we present details of the $\rm μ$-Spec spectrometers currently in development for the far-infrared balloon mission EXCLAIM. The spectrometers are designed to cover the $\rm 555 - 714\ μ$m range with a resolution of $\rm R\ =\ λ/ Δλ =\ 512$ at the $\rm 638\ μ$m band center. The spectrometer design incorporates a Rowland grating spectrometer implemented in a parallel plate waveguide on a low-loss single-crystal Si chip, employing Nb microstrip planar transmission lines and thin-film Al kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs). The EXCLAIM $\rm μ$-Spec design is an advancement upon a successful $\rm R = 64\ μ$-Spec prototype, and can be considered a sub-mm superconducting photonic integrated circuit (PIC) that combines spectral dispersion and detection. The design operates in a single $M{=}2$ grating order, allowing one spectrometer to cover the full EXCLAIM band without requiring a multi-order focal plane. The EXCLAIM instrument will fly six spectrometers, which are fabricated on a single 150 mm diameter Si wafer. Fabrication involves a flip-wafer-bonding process with patterning of the superconducting layers on both sides of the Si dielectric. The spectrometers are designed to operate at 100 mK, and will include 355 Al KID detectors targeting a goal of NEP ${\sim}8\times10^{-19}$ $\rm W/\sqrt{Hz}$. We summarize the design, fabrication, and ongoing development of these $\rm μ$-Spec spectrometers for EXCLAIM.
The EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM) is a cryogenic balloon-borne instrument that will survey galaxy and star formation history over cosmological time scales. Rather than identifying individual objects, EXCLAIM will be a pathfinder to demonstrate an intensity mapping approach, which measures the cumulative redshifted line emission. EXCLAIM will operate at 420-540 GHz with a spectral resolution R=512 to measure the integrated CO and [CII] in redshift windows spanning 0 < z < 3.5. CO and [CII] line emissions are key tracers of the gas phases in the interstellar…
The EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM) is a balloon-borne far-infrared telescope that will survey star formation history over cosmological time scales to improve our understanding of why the star formation rate declined at redshift z < 2, despite continued clustering of dark matter. Specifically,EXCLAIM will map the emission of redshifted carbon monoxide and singly-ionized carbon lines in windows over a redshift range 0 < z < 3.5, following an innovative approach known as intensity mapping. Intensity mapping measures the statistics of brightness fluctuations of…
The EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM) is a cryogenic balloon-borne instrument that will map carbon monoxide and singly-ionized carbon emission lines across redshifts from 0 to 3.5, using an intensity mapping approach. EXCLAIM will broaden our understanding of these elemental and molecular gases and the role they play in star formation processes across cosmic time scales. The focal plane of EXCLAIM's cryogenic telescope features six μ-Spec spectrometers. μ-Spec is a compact, integrated grating-analog spectrometer, which uses meandered superconducting niobium mi…
This paper describes a cryogenic optical testbed developed to characterize u-Spec spectrometers in a dedicated dilution refrigerator (DR) system. u-Spec is a far-infrared integrated spectrometer that is an analog to a Rowland-type grating spectrometer. It employs a single-crystal silicon substrate with niobium microstrip lines and aluminum kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs). Current designs with a resolution of 512 are in fabrication for the EXCLAIM (Experiment for Cryogenic Large Aperture Intensity Mapping) balloon mission. The primary spectrometer performance and design parameters are effic…
Infrared-blocking scattering aerogel filters have a broad range of potential applications in astrophysics and planetary science observations in the far-infrared, sub-millimeter, and microwave regimes. Successful dielectric modeling of aerogel filters allowed the fabrication of samples to meet the mechanical and science instrument requirements for several experiments, including the Sub-millimeter Solar Observation Lunar Volatiles Experiment (SSOLVE), the Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS), and the Experiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM). Thermal multi-phy…
Diamond-loaded polyimide aerogel scattering filters and their applications in astrophysical and planetary science observations
The University of Maryland, Baltimore County（马里兰大学巴尔的摩分校）；NASA Goddard Space Flight Center（美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心）；The Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；Boston University（波士顿大学）；Universities Space Research Association（大学空间研究协会）；NASA Glenn Research Center（美国宇航格伦研究中心）
We present a new calibration for the second-order light contamination in the near-infrared grism spectroscopy with the Infrared Camera aboard AKARI, specifically for the post-cryogenic phase of the satellite (Phase 3). Following our previous work on the cryogenic phase (Phases 1 and 2), the wavelength and spectral response calibrations were revised. Unlike Phases 1 and 2, during Phase 3, the temperature of the instrument was not stable and gradually increased from 40 to 47 K. To assess the effect of the temperature increase, we divided Phase 3 into three sub-phases and performed the calibratio…
Line intensity mapping (LIM) is an emerging technique in measuring galaxy evolution and the large-scale structure of the universe. LIM surveys measure the cumulative emission from all galaxies emitting a given line at a particular redshift, which trace the distribution of dark matter throughout the universe. In this proceeding, we provide an introduction to LIM modeling, focusing on power spectrum calculation. Beyond these calculations, we describe how these power spectra may be used to constrain properties of galaxy evolution and large-scale structure cosmology. Throughout, we use the anticip…
Development and validation of a cryogenic far-infrared diffraction grating spectrometer used to post-disperse the output from a Fourier transform spectrometer
We describe a cryogenic instrumentation platform incorporating commercially-available field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) configured to operate well beyond their specified temperature range. The instrument enables signal routing, multiplexing, and complex digital signal processing at temperatures approaching 4 kelvin and in close proximity to cooled devices or detectors within the cryostat. The cryogenic performance of the system is evaluated, including clock speed, error rates, and power consumption. Although constructed for the purpose of controlling and reading out quantum computing devi…
The X-IFU is the cryogenic spectrometer onboard the future ATHENA X-ray observatory. It is based on a large array of TES microcalorimeters, which works in combination with a Cryogenic AntiCoincidence detector (CryoAC). This is necessary to reduce the particle background level thus enabling part of the mission science goals. Here we present the first joint test of X-IFU TES array and CryoAC Demonstration Models, performed in a FDM setup. We show that it is possible to operate properly both detectors, and we provide a preliminary demonstration of the anti-coincidence capability of the system ach…
This work evaluates the viability of polyimide and parylene-C for passivation of lithium-drifted silicon (Si(Li)) detectors. The passivated Si(Li) detectors will form the particle tracker and X-ray detector of the General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) experiment, a balloon-borne experiment optimized to detect cosmic antideuterons produced in dark matter annihilations or decays. Successful passivation coatings were achieved by thermally curing polyimides, and the optimized coatings form an excellent barrier against humidity and organic contamination. The passivated Si(Li) detectors deliver $…
The integral field spectrograph, SPIFFI, has complex line profile shapes that vary with wavelength and pixel scale, the origins of which have been sought since the instrument construction. SPIFFI is currently operational as part of SINFONI at the VLT, and will be upgraded and incorporated into the new VLT instrument ERIS. We conducted an investigation of the line profiles based on measurements we could take with the instrument calibration unit, as well as laboratory measurements of spare SPIFFI optical components. Cryogenic measurements of a spare SPIFFI diffraction grating showed significant …
The KATRIN experiment will determine the effective electron anti-neutrino mass with a sensitivity of 200 meV/c$^2$ at 90% CL. The energy analysis of tritium $β$-decay electrons will be performed by a tandem setup of electrostatic retarding spectrometers which have to be operated at very low background levels of $<10^{-2}$ counts per second. This benchmark rate can be exceeded by background processes resulting from the emanation of single $^{219,220}$Rn atoms from the inner spectrometer surface and an array of non-evaporable getter strips used as main vacuum pump. Here we report on a the impact…
The IRIS Imager requires opt-mechanical stages which are operable under vacuum and cryogenic environment. Also the stage for the IRIS Imager is required to survive for 10 years without maintenance. To achieve these requirements, we decided prototyping of a two axis stage with 80 mm clear aperture. The prototype was designed as a double-deck stage, upper rotary stage and lower linear stage. Most of components are selected to take advantage of heritage from existing astronomical instruments. In contrast, mechanical components with lubricants such as bearings, linear motion guides and ball screws…
A compact cryogenic calibration target is presented that has a peak diffuse reflectance, $R \le 0.003$, from $800-4,800\,{\rm cm}^{-1}$ $(12-2\,μ$m). Upon expanding the spectral range under consideration to $400-10,000\,{\rm cm}^{-1}$ $(25-1\,μ$m) the observed performance gracefully degrades to $R \le 0.02$ at the band edges. In the implementation described, a high-thermal-conductivity metallic substrate is textured with a pyramidal tiling and subsequently coated with a thin lossy dielectric coating that enables high absorption and thermal uniformity across the target. The resulting target ass…
Panda-X is a liquid xenon dual-phase detector for the Dark Matter Search. The first modestly-sized module will soon be installed in the China JinPing Deep Underground Laboratory in Sichuan province, P.R. China. The cryogenics system is designed to handle much larger detectors, even the final version in the ton scale. Special attention has been paid to the reliability, serviceability, and adaptability to the requirements of a growing experiment. The system is cooled by a single Iwatani PC150 Pulse Tube Refrigerator. After subtracting all thermal losses, the remaining cooling power is still 82W.…
Context. In this paper we present the first system test in which we demonstrate the concept of using an array of Distributed Read Out Imaging Devices (DROIDs) for optical photon detection. Aims. After the successful S-Cam 3 detector the next step in the development of a cryogenic optical photon counting imaging spectrometer under the S-Cam project is to increase the field of view using DROIDs. With this modification the field of view of the camera has been increased by a factor of 5 in area, while keeping the number of readout channels the same. Methods. The test has been performed using the f…
This paper demonstrates a cryogenic deformable mirror (DM) with 1,020 actuators based on micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Cryogenic space-borne infrared telescopes can experience a wavefront error due to a figure error of their mirror surface, which makes the imaging performance worse. For on-orbit wavefront correction as one solution, we developed a MEMS-processed electro-static DM with a special surrounding structure for use under the cryogenic temperature. We conducted a laboratory demonstration of its operation in three cooling cycles between 5 K and 295 K. Using a la…
CYRA (CrYogenic solar spectrogRAph) is a facility instrument of the 1.6-meter Goode Solar Telescope (GST) at the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO). CYRA focuses on the study of the near-infrared solar spectrum between 1 and 5 microns, a under explored region which is not only a fertile ground for photospheric magnetic diagnostics, but also allows a unique window into the chromosphere lying atop the photosphere. CYRA is the first ever fully cryogenic spectrograph in any solar observatory with its two predecessors, on the McMath-Pierce and Mees Telescopes, being based on warm optics except for t…
ATHENA is a large X-ray observatory, planned to be launched by ESA in 2028 towards an L2 orbit. One of the two instruments of the payload is the X-IFU: a cryogenic spectrometer based on a large array of TES microcalorimeters, able to perform integral field spectrography in the 0.2-12 keV band (2.5 eV FWHM at 6 keV). The X-IFU sensitivity is highly degraded by the particle background expected in the L2 orbit, which is induced by primary protons of both galactic and solar origin, and mostly by secondary electrons. To reduce the particle background level and enable the mission science goals, the …
The Nulling Interferometry Cryogenic Experiment (NICE): Architecture, requirements, and preliminary warm precursor results
ETH Zürich, Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics（苏黎世联邦理工学院，粒子物理与天体物理研究所）；ETH Zürich, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences（苏黎世联邦理工学院，地球与行星科学系）
