We consider the problem of detecting and recognizing the objects observed by visitors (i.e., attended objects) in cultural sites from egocentric vision. A standard approach to the problem involves detecting all objects and selecting the one which best overlaps with the gaze of the visitor, measured through a gaze tracker. Since labeling large amounts of data to train a standard object detector is expensive in terms of costs and time, we propose a weakly supervised version of the task which leans only on gaze data and a frame-level label indicating the class of the attended object. To study the problem, we present a new dataset composed of egocentric videos and gaze coordinates of subjects visiting a museum. We hence compare three different baselines for weakly supervised attended object detection on the collected data. Results show that the considered approaches achieve satisfactory performance in a weakly supervised manner, which allows for significant time savings with respect to a fully supervised detector based on Faster R-CNN. To encourage research on the topic, we publicly release the code and the dataset at the following url: https://iplab.dmi.unict.it/WS_OBJ_DET/
Enjoying Information Dividend: Gaze Track-based Medical Weakly Supervised Segmentation
National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology（集成空天地海大数据应用技术国家工程实验室）；School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University（计算机科学与工程学院，西北工业大学）；Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学宁波研究院）
GLANCE: Gaze-Led Attention Network for Compressed Edge-inference
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校电子与计算机工程系）；Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology（新泽西理工学院电子与计算机工程系）；Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校电子与计算机工程系）
Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Boston University（波士顿大学）
We address the problem of detecting attention targets in video. Our goal is to identify where each person in each frame of a video is looking, and correctly handle the case where the gaze target is out-of-frame. Our novel architecture models the dynamic interaction between the scene and head features and infers time-varying attention targets. We introduce a new annotated dataset, VideoAttentionTarget, containing complex and dynamic patterns of real-world gaze behavior. Our experiments show that our model can effectively infer dynamic attention in videos. In addition, we apply our predicted att…
Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering（卢迪信息、计算与工程学院）；Indiana University Bloomington（印第安纳大学伯明顿分校）
Due to the foveated nature of the human vision system, people can focus their visual attention on a small region of their visual field at a time, which usually contains only a single object. Estimating this object of attention in first-person (egocentric) videos is useful for many human-centered real-world applications such as augmented reality applications and driver assistance systems. A straightforward solution for this problem is to pick the object whose bounding box is hit by the gaze, where eye gaze point estimation is obtained from a traditional eye gaze estimator and object candidates …
Northwestern University（西北大学）；Toyota Research Institute（丰田研究院）；Woven Planet
We propose a computational model to estimate a person's attended awareness of their environment. We define attended awareness to be those parts of a potentially dynamic scene which a person has attended to in recent history and which they are still likely to be physically aware of. Our model takes as input scene information in the form of a video and noisy gaze estimates, and outputs visual saliency, a refined gaze estimate, and an estimate of the person's attended awareness. In order to test our model, we capture a new dataset with a high-precision gaze tracker including 24.5 hours of gaze se…
Human drivers use their attentional mechanisms to focus on critical objects and make decisions while driving. As human attention can be revealed from gaze data, capturing and analyzing gaze information has emerged in recent years to benefit autonomous driving technology. Previous works in this context have primarily aimed at predicting "where" human drivers look at and lack knowledge of "what" objects drivers focus on. Our work bridges the gap between pixel-level and object-level attention prediction. Specifically, we propose to integrate an attention prediction module into a pretrained object…
Acquiring the most representative examples via active learning (AL) can benefit many data-dependent computer vision tasks by minimizing efforts of image-level or pixel-wise annotations. In this paper, we propose a novel Collaborative Panoptic-Regional Active Learning framework (CPRAL) to address the semantic segmentation task. For a small batch of images initially sampled with pixel-wise annotations, we employ panoptic information to initially select unlabeled samples. Considering the class imbalance in the segmentation dataset, we import a Regional Gaussian Attention module (RGA) to achieve s…
HOIGaze: Gaze Estimation During Hand-Object Interactions in Extended Reality Exploiting Eye-Hand-Head Coordination
University of Stuttgart Germany（斯图加特大学）；University of Tuebingen Germany（图宾根大学）；The Center for Bionic Intelligence Tuebingen Stuttgart Germany（图宾根-斯图加特生物智能中心）
TEyeD: Over 20 million real-world eye images with Pupil, Eyelid, and Iris 2D and 3D Segmentations, 2D and 3D Landmarks, 3D Eyeball, Gaze Vector, and Eye Movement Types
Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science（上海先进通信与数据科学研究院）；Shanghai University（上海大学）；School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University（上海大学通信与信息工程学院）；School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology（南京理工大学计算机科学与工程学院）；Stony Brook University（石溪大学）
As a natural way for human-computer interaction, fixation provides a promising solution for interactive image segmentation. In this paper, we focus on Personal Fixations-based Object Segmentation (PFOS) to address issues in previous studies, such as the lack of appropriate dataset and the ambiguity in fixations-based interaction. In particular, we first construct a new PFOS dataset by carefully collecting pixel-level binary annotation data over an existing fixation prediction dataset, such dataset is expected to greatly facilitate the study along the line. Then, considering characteristics of …
I-MPN: Inductive Message Passing Network for Efficient Human-in-the-Loop Annotation of Mobile Eye Tracking Data
German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI)（德国人工智能研究中心）；University of Science, VNU-HCM（胡志明市国家大学科学大学）；Quy Nhon AI Research and Development Center, FPT Software（FPT软件归仁人工智能研发中心）；Max Planck Research School for Intelligent Systems (IMPRS-IS)（马克斯·普朗克智能系统研究院）
From Gaze to Meaning: A Training-Free AI Agent for Unified Grounding and Explanation
Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing (CVSSP), University of Surrey（萨里大学视觉、语音与信号处理中心）；Surrey Institute for People-Centred AI, University of Surrey（萨里大学以人为本人工智能研究所）
University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学学院市分校）；Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories（三菱电机研究实验室）
We propose augmenting deep neural networks with an attention mechanism for the visual object detection task. As perceiving a scene, humans have the capability of multiple fixation points, each attended to scene content at different locations and scales. However, such a mechanism is missing in the current state-of-the-art visual object detection methods. Inspired by the human vision system, we propose a novel deep network architecture that imitates this attention mechanism. As detecting objects in an image, the network adaptively places a sequence of glimpses of different shapes at different lo…
Many recent machine learning approaches used in medical imaging are highly reliant on large amounts of image and ground truth data. In the context of object segmentation, pixel-wise annotations are extremely expensive to collect, especially in video and 3D volumes. To reduce this annotation burden, we propose a novel framework to allow annotators to simply observe the object to segment and record where they have looked at with a \$200 eye gaze tracker. Our method then estimates pixel-wise probabilities for the presence of the object throughout the sequence from which we train a classifier in s…
Gaze following aims to predict where a person is looking in a scene, by predicting the target location, or indicating that the target is located outside the image. Recent works detect the gaze target by training a heatmap regression task with a pixel-wise mean-square error (MSE) loss, while formulating the in/out prediction task as a binary classification task. This training formulation puts a strict, pixel-level constraint in higher resolution on the single annotation available in training, and does not consider annotation variance and the correlation between the two subtasks. To address thes…
Monash University（莫纳什大学）；IIT Ropar（印度理工学院罗巴尔分校）；University of Melbourne（墨尔本大学）
Over the past few years, there has been an increasing interest to interpret gaze direction in an unconstrained environment with limited supervision. Owing to data curation and annotation issues, replicating gaze estimation method to other platforms, such as unconstrained outdoor or AR/VR, might lead to significant drop in performance due to insufficient availability of accurately annotated data for model training. In this paper, we explore an interesting yet challenging problem of gaze estimation method with a limited amount of labelled data. The proposed method distills knowledge from the lab…
Supporting Mitosis Detection AI Training with Inter-Observer Eye-Gaze Consistencies
University of California, Los Angeles（加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校）；University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine（加州大学洛杉矶分校大卫·格芬医学院）；Kansas University Medical Center（堪萨斯大学医学中心）
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)（巴基斯坦国立科技大学（NUST））；Riphah International University（里法国际大学）
Unavailability of large training datasets is a bottleneck that needs to be overcome to realize the true potential of deep learning in histopathology applications. Although slide digitization via whole slide imaging scanners has increased the speed of data acquisition, labeling of virtual slides requires a substantial time investment from pathologists. Eye gaze annotations have the potential to speed up the slide labeling process. This work explores the viability and timing comparisons of eye gaze labeling compared to conventional manual labeling for training object detectors. Challenges associ…
Gaze-DETR: Top-Down Guidance Through Priority Maps for Infrared Weak-Small UAV Detection with DETR
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；ShanghaiTech University（上海科技大学）；Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences（北京基础医学研究所）
Mutual gaze detection, i.e., predicting whether or not two people are looking at each other, plays an important role in understanding human interactions. In this work, we focus on the task of image-based mutual gaze detection, and propose a simple and effective approach to boost the performance by using an auxiliary 3D gaze estimation task during the training phase. We achieve the performance boost without additional labeling cost by training the 3D gaze estimation branch using pseudo 3D gaze labels deduced from mutual gaze labels. By sharing the head image encoder between the 3D gaze estimati…
This paper addresses the challenging problem of estimating the general visual attention of people in images. Our proposed method is designed to work across multiple naturalistic social scenarios and provides a full picture of the subject's attention and gaze. In contrast, earlier works on gaze and attention estimation have focused on constrained problems in more specific contexts. In particular, our model explicitly represents the gaze direction and handles out-of-frame gaze targets. We leverage three different datasets using a multi-task learning approach. We evaluate our method on widely use…
Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）；Amsterdam Machine Learning Lab（阿姆斯特丹机器学习实验室）；Saarland Informatics Campus（萨尔兰信息学园区）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；Eyeem
Zero-shot image classification using auxiliary information, such as attributes describing discriminative object properties, requires time-consuming annotation by domain experts. We instead propose a method that relies on human gaze as auxiliary information, exploiting that even non-expert users have a natural ability to judge class membership. We present a data collection paradigm that involves a discrimination task to increase the information content obtained from gaze data. Our method extracts discriminative descriptors from the data and learns a compatibility function between image and gaze…
From Gaze to Insight: Bridging Human Visual Attention and Vision Language Model Explanation for Weakly-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation
Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford（工程科学系，牛津大学）；Department of Automation, Tsinghua University（自动化系，清华大学）；School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University（信息科学与技术学院，西北大学）
NVIDIA（英伟达）；Rochester Institute of Technology（罗切斯特理工学院）；Lunit Inc.（Lunit公司）
A major challenge for physically unconstrained gaze estimation is acquiring training data with 3D gaze annotations for in-the-wild and outdoor scenarios. In contrast, videos of human interactions in unconstrained environments are abundantly available and can be much more easily annotated with frame-level activity labels. In this work, we tackle the previously unexplored problem of weakly-supervised gaze estimation from videos of human interactions. We leverage the insight that strong gaze-related geometric constraints exist when people perform the activity of "looking at each other" (LAEO). To…
Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence（Inception人工智能研究院）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）
This paper addresses a new problem of understanding human gaze communication in social videos from both atomic-level and event-level, which is significant for studying human social interactions. To tackle this novel and challenging problem, we contribute a large-scale video dataset, VACATION, which covers diverse daily social scenes and gaze communication behaviors with complete annotations of objects and human faces, human attention, and communication structures and labels in both atomic-level and event-level. Together with VACATION, we propose a spatio-temporal graph neural network to explic…
Although automatic gaze estimation is very important to a large variety of application areas, it is difficult to train accurate and robust gaze models, in great part due to the difficulty in collecting large and diverse data (annotating 3D gaze is expensive and existing datasets use different setups). To address this issue, our main contribution in this paper is to propose an effective approach to learn a low dimensional gaze representation without gaze annotations, which to the best of our best knowledge, is the first work to do so. The main idea is to rely on a gaze redirection network and u…
GazeBehavior Annotation Toolkit (GBAT): AI-powered toolkit for automatic annotation of egocentric eye-tracking and video data of child-caregiver interaction
Department of Psychology, University of Miami（迈阿密大学心理学系）；Northeastern University（东北大学）；Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, EHESS, CNRS（巴黎高等师范学院（PSL大学）、EHESS、CNRS）；International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study（神经智能国际研究中心（WPI-IRCN）、东京大学高级研究机构）
It is well known that human gaze carries significant information about visual attention. However, there are three main difficulties in incorporating the gaze data in an attention mechanism of deep neural networks: 1) the gaze fixation points are likely to have measurement errors due to blinking and rapid eye movements; 2) it is unclear when and how much the gaze data is correlated with visual attention; and 3) gaze data is not always available in many real-world situations. In this work, we introduce an effective probabilistic approach to integrate human gaze into spatiotemporal attention for …
University of the Philippines（菲律宾大学）；Samsung R&D Institute Philippines（三星菲律宾研发中心）
One of the most fundamental and information-laden actions humans do is to look at objects. However, a survey of current works reveals that existing gaze-related datasets annotate only the pixel being looked at, and not the boundaries of a specific object of interest. This lack of object annotation presents an opportunity for further advancing gaze estimation research. To this end, we present a challenging new task called gaze object prediction, where the goal is to predict a bounding box for a person's gazed-at object. To train and evaluate gaze networks on this task, we present the Gaze On Ob…
University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）
Images of the eye are key in several computer vision problems, such as shape registration and gaze estimation. Recent large-scale supervised methods for these problems require time-consuming data collection and manual annotation, which can be unreliable. We propose synthesizing perfectly labelled photo-realistic training data in a fraction of the time. We used computer graphics techniques to build a collection of dynamic eye-region models from head scan geometry. These were randomly posed to synthesize close-up eye images for a wide range of head poses, gaze directions, and illumination condit…
Monash University（莫纳什大学）；Indian Institute of Technology Ropar（印度理工学院罗帕尔分校）；University of Melbourne（墨尔本大学）
Robust gaze estimation is a challenging task, even for deep CNNs, due to the non-availability of large-scale labeled data. Moreover, gaze annotation is a time-consuming process and requires specialized hardware setups. We propose MTGLS: a Multi-Task Gaze estimation framework with Limited Supervision, which leverages abundantly available non-annotated facial image data. MTGLS distills knowledge from off-the-shelf facial image analysis models, and learns strong feature representations of human eyes, guided by three complementary auxiliary signals: (a) the line of sight of the pupil (i.e. pseudo-…
Egocentric perception has grown rapidly with the advent of immersive computing devices. Human gaze prediction is an important problem in analyzing egocentric videos and has primarily been tackled through either saliency-based modeling or highly supervised learning. We quantitatively analyze the generalization capabilities of supervised, deep learning models on the egocentric gaze prediction task on unseen, out-of-domain data. We find that their performance is highly dependent on the training data and is restricted to the domains specified in the training annotations. In this work, we tackle th…
University of Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, ICube, UMR7357, France（斯特拉斯堡大学、法国国家科学研究中心、法国国家医学研究院、ICube、UMR7357、法国）；Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland（生物医学研究部（DBMR）、伯尔尼大学、瑞士伯尔尼3008、瑞士）；University Hospital of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France（斯特拉斯堡大学医院、法国斯特拉斯堡67000、法国）；Department for Visceral Surgery（visceral surgery 部）；Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland（医学、伯尔尼大学医院、伯尔尼大学、瑞士伯尔尼3010、瑞士）
Model-based eye tracking has been a dominant approach for eye gaze tracking because of its ability to generalize to different subjects, without the need of any training data and eye gaze annotations. Model-based eye tracking, however, is susceptible to eye feature detection errors, in particular for eye tracking in the wild. To address this issue, we propose a Bayesian framework for model-based eye tracking. The proposed system consists of a cascade-Bayesian Convolutional Neural Network (c-BCNN) to capture the probabilistic relationships between eye appearance and its landmarks, and a geometri…
We describe a novel learning-by-synthesis method for estimating gaze direction of an automated intelligent surveillance system. Recently, progress in learning-by-synthesis has proposed training models on synthetic images, which can effectively reduce the cost of manpower and material resources. However, learning from synthetic images still fails to achieve the desired performance compared to naturalistic images due to the different distribution of synthetic images. In an attempt to address this issue, previous method is to improve the realism of synthetic images by learning a model. However, t…
Semi-Supervised Gaze Estimation via Disentangled Subspace Contrastive Learning
National Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science on Synthetic Vision, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China（合成视觉基础科学国家重点实验室，四川大学，成都，中国）；College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China（计算机学院，四川大学，成都，中国）
We propose a framework for semi-automated annotation of video frames where the video is of an object that at any point in time can be labeled as being in one of a finite number of discrete states. A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used to model (1) the behavior of the underlying object and (2) the noisy observation of its state through an image processing algorithm. The key insight of this approach is that the annotation of frame-by-frame video can be reduced from a problem of labeling every single image to a problem of detecting a transition between states of the underlying objected being record…
National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；University of Minnesota（明尼苏达大学）
The recent advances in instance-level detection tasks lay strong foundation for genuine comprehension of the visual scenes. However, the ability to fully comprehend a social scene is still in its preliminary stage. In this work, we focus on detecting human-object interactions (HOIs) in social scene images, which is demanding in terms of research and increasingly useful for practical applications. To undertake social tasks interacting with objects, humans direct their attention and move their body based on their intention. Based on this observation, we provide a unique computational perspective…
GlanceSeg: Real-time microaneurysm lesion segmentation with gaze-map-guided foundation model for early detection of diabetic retinopathy
Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）；Wenzhou Medical University（温州医科大学）；Intelligent Vision Plus Technology Co., Ltd.（深圳市智能视觉加科技有限公司）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）
