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arXiv 2204.03493astro-ph.SRastro-ph.GAastro-ph.HE
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对不稳定质量隙中黑洞的形成:大质量恒星迎头碰撞的流体动力学模拟

Formation of black holes in the pair-instability mass gap: Hydrodynamical simulations of a head-on massive star collision

Alessandro Ballone, Guglielmo Costa, Michela Mapelli, Morgan MacLeod, Stefano Torniamenti, Juan Manuel Pacheco-Arias

摘要:

双星黑洞合并GW 190521的探测,与主黑洞质量$85^{+21}_{-14}$ ${\rm M}_{\odot}$,证明了黑洞的存在,在理论上预测的对不稳定间隙($\sim60-120 \, {\rm M}_{\odot}$)的质谱。最近的一些研究表明,这种巨大的黑洞可能是由具有碳氧核心的演化恒星和主序星碰撞产生的。这样一颗合并后的恒星可能会在避免对不稳定性的情况下结束自己的生命,并直接坍缩其巨大的外壳。然而,目前还不清楚碰撞如何塑造新产生的恒星的结构,以及在碰撞中实际损失了多少质量。我们研究了这个问题,通过流体动力学模拟与光滑粒子流体动力学代码{ \sc StarSmasher},发现迎头碰撞可以消除高达12%的碰撞恒星的初始质量。这是初始质量的一个不可忽视的百分比,可能会影响恒星残骸的进一步演化,特别是就可能形成的黑洞的最终质量而言。我们还发现,主序星可以俯冲到主序星核心的外边界,改变残骸的内部化学成分。碰撞将主星系的外层排出,留下一个富含氦的外壳(在表面达到约0.4的氦分数)。这些更复杂的丰度分布可以直接用于碰撞产物的恒星演化模拟。

英文摘要:

The detection of the binary black hole merger GW190521, with primary black hole mass $85^{+21}_{-14}$ ${\rm M}_{\odot}$, proved the existence of black holes in the theoretically predicted pair-instability gap ($\sim60-120 \, {\rm M}_{\odot}$) of their mass spectrum. Some recent studies suggest that such massive black holes could be produced by the collision of an evolved star with a carbon-oxygen core and a main sequence star. Such a post-coalescence star could end its life avoiding the pair-instability regime and with a direct collapse of its very massive envelope. It is still not clear, however, how the collision shapes the structure of the newly produced star and how much mass is actually lost in the impact. We investigated this issue by means of hydrodynamical simulations with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics code {\sc StarSmasher}, finding that a head-on collision can remove up to 12\% of the initial mass of the colliding stars. This is a non-negligible percentage of the initial mass and could affect the further evolution of the stellar remnant, particularly in terms of the final mass of a possibly forming black hole. We also found that the main sequence star can plunge down to the outer boundary of the core of the primary, changing the inner chemical composition of the remnant. The collision expels the outer layers of the primary, leaving a remnant with an helium-enriched envelope (reaching He fractions of about 0.4 at the surface). These more complex abundance profiles can be directly used in stellar evolution simulations of the collision product.

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