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arXiv 2202.02073astro-ph.HEphysics.plasm-ph
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相对论性无碰撞电子-离子-正电子冲击的微观物理

Microphysics of Relativistic Collisionless Electron-ion-positron Shocks

Daniel Groselj, Lorenzo Sironi, Andrei M. Beloborodov

摘要:

我们进行粒子模拟,阐明微观物理的相对论性弱磁化冲击加载的电子-正电子对。各种外部磁化$σ\lesssim 10^{-4}$和对加载因子$Z_\pm \lesssim 10$进行了研究,其中$Z_\pm$是每个离子的加载电子和正电子的数量。我们发现以下情况。(1)当$σ$超过一个随$Z_\pm$减小的临界值$σ_{\rm L}$时,平均场中的离子拉莫尔回转将介导激波。在$σ\lesssimσ_{\rm L}$中,激波由自生微湍流场中的粒子散射介导,其强度和尺度随$Z_\pm$减小,导致较低的$σ_{\rm L}$。(2)后冲击对携带的能量分数是鲁棒性的上游离子能量的20%和50%之间的范围内。每个冲击后电子的平均能量标度为$\overline{E}_{\rm e}\propto (Z_\pm+1)^{-1}$。(3)在低至$σ\approx 5\times 10^{-6}$的磁化强度下,对负载抑制非热离子加速。然后,离子基本上变成具有平均能量$\overline{E}_{\rm i}$的热的,而电子形成从$E\sim (Z_\pm + 1)^{-1}\overline{E}_{\rm i}$延伸到$\overline{E}_{\rm i}$的非热尾。当$σ= 0$时,粒子加速通过形成强磁腔而增强,强磁腔在冲击演化的后期填充前驱体。在这里,非热离子和电子的最大能量在模拟的持续时间内保持增长。除了模拟,我们开发的理论估计与数值结果一致。我们的发现对早期伽玛射线暴余辉的模型有重要的意义。

英文摘要:

We perform particle-in-cell simulations to elucidate the microphysics of relativistic weakly magnetized shocks loaded with electron-positron pairs. Various external magnetizations $σ\lesssim 10^{-4}$ and pair-loading factors $Z_\pm \lesssim 10$ are studied, where $Z_\pm$ is the number of loaded electrons and positrons per ion. We find the following. (1) The shock becomes mediated by the ion Larmor gyration in the mean field when $σ$ exceeds a critical value $σ_{\rm L}$ that decreases with $Z_\pm$. At $σ\lesssimσ_{\rm L}$ the shock is mediated by particle scattering in the self-generated microturbulent fields, the strength and scale of which decrease with $Z_\pm$, leading to lower $σ_{\rm L}$. (2) The energy fraction carried by the post-shock pairs is robustly in the range between 20% and 50% of the upstream ion energy. The mean energy per post-shock electron scales as $\overline{E}_{\rm e}\propto (Z_\pm+1)^{-1}$. (3) Pair loading suppresses nonthermal ion acceleration at magnetizations as low as $σ\approx 5\times 10^{-6}$. The ions then become essentially thermal with mean energy $\overline{E}_{\rm i}$, while electrons form a nonthermal tail, extending from $E\sim (Z_\pm + 1)^{-1}\overline{E}_{\rm i}$ to $\overline{E}_{\rm i}$. When $σ= 0$, particle acceleration is enhanced by the formation of intense magnetic cavities that populate the precursor during the late stages of shock evolution. Here, the maximum energy of the nonthermal ions and electrons keeps growing over the duration of the simulation. Alongside the simulations, we develop theoretical estimates consistent with the numerical results. Our findings have important implications for models of early gamma-ray burst afterglows.

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