Biometric authentication prospered because of its convenient use and security. Early generations of biometric mechanisms suffer from spoofing attacks. Recently, unobservable physiological signals (e.g., Electroencephalogram, Photoplethysmogram, Electrocardiogram) as biometrics offer a potential remedy to this problem. In particular, Photoplethysmogram (PPG) measures the change in blood flow of the human body by an optical method. Clinically, researchers commonly use PPG signals to obtain patients' blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, and other information to assist in diagnosing heart-related diseases. Since PPG signals contain a wealth of individual cardiac information, researchers have begun to explore their potential in cyber security applications. The unique advantages (simple acquisition, difficult to steal, and live detection) of the PPG signal allow it to improve the security and usability of the authentication in various aspects. However, the research on PPG-based authentication is still in its infancy. The lack of systematization hinders new research in this field. We conduct a comprehensive study of PPG-based authentication and discuss these applications' limitations before pointing out future research directions.
Unobservable physiological signals enhance biometric authentication systems. Photoplethysmography (PPG) signals are convenient owning to its ease of measurement and are usually well protected against remote adversaries in authentication. Any leaked PPG signals help adversaries compromise the biometric authentication systems, and the advent of remote PPG (rPPG) enables adversaries to acquire PPG signals through restoration. While potentially dangerous, rPPG-based attacks are overlooked because existing methods require the victim's PPG signals. This paper proposes a novel spoofing attack approac…
Amongst all medical biometric traits, Photoplethysmograph (PPG) is the easiest to acquire. PPG records the blood volume change with just combination of Light Emitting Diode and Photodiode from any part of the body. With IoT and smart homes' penetration, PPG recording can easily be integrated with other vital wearable devices. PPG represents peculiarity of hemodynamics and cardiovascular system for each individual. This paper presents non-fiducial method for PPG based biometric authentication. Being a physiological signal, PPG signal alters with physical/mental stress and time. For robustness, …
Nowadays, traditional authentication methods are vulnerable to face attacks that are often based on inherent security issues. Professional attackers leverage adversarial offenses on the security holes. Biometrics has intrinsic advantages to overcome the traditional authentication methods on security, success rates, efficiency, and accessibility. Biometrics has wide prospects to implement various applications in fields. Whether in authentication security or clinical medicine, biometrics is one of the mainstream studies. In this paper, we surveyed and reviewed some related studies of biometrics,…
Recent research has shown the possibility of using smartphones' sensors and accessories to extract some behavioral attributes such as touch dynamics, keystroke dynamics and gait recognition. These attributes are known as behavioral biometrics and could be used to verify or identify users implicitly and continuously on smartphones. The authentication systems that have been built based on these behavioral biometric traits are known as active or continuous authentication systems. This paper provides a review of the active authentication systems. We present the components and the operating process…
Spurred by the development of cloud computing, there has been considerable recent interest in the Database-as-a-Service (DaaS) paradigm. Users lacking in expertise or computational resources can outsource their data and database management needs to a third-party service provider. Outsourcing, however, raises an important issue of result integrity: how can the client verify with lightweight overhead that the query results returned by the service provider are correct (i.e., the same as the results of query execution locally)? This survey focuses on categorizing and reviewing the progress on the …
Context. Service-oriented architecture and its microservice-based approach increase an attack surface of applications. Exposed microservices become a pivot point for advanced persistent threats and completely change the threat landscape. Correctly implemented authentication and authorization architecture patterns are basis of any software maturity program. Objective. The aim of this study is to provide a helpful resource to application security architect and developers on existing architecture patterns to implement authentication and authorization in microservices-based systems. Method. In thi…
Mobile device authentication has been a highly active research topic for over 10 years, with a vast range of methods having been proposed and analyzed. In related areas such as secure channel protocols, remote authentication, or desktop user authentication, strong, systematic, and increasingly formal threat models have already been established and are used to qualitatively and quantitatively compare different methods. Unfortunately, the analysis of mobile device authentication is often based on weak adversary models, suggesting overly optimistic results on their respective security. In this ar…
We conducted a survey of 67 graduate students enrolled in the Privacy and Security in Healthcare course at Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis. This was done to measure user preference and their understanding of usability and security of three different Electronic Health Records authentication methods: single authentication method (username and password), Single sign-on with Central Authentication Service (CAS) authentication method, and a bio-capsule facial authentication method. This research aims to explore the relationship between security and usability, and measure the effec…
With the rapid development of internet technologies, social networks, and other related areas, user authentication becomes more and more important to protect the data of users. Password authentication is one of the widely used methods to achieve authentication for legal users and defense against intruders. There have been many password-cracking methods developed during the past years, and people have been designing countermeasures against password cracking all the time. However, we find that the survey work on password cracking research has not been done very much. This paper is mainly to give…
This work reports that the Systematic Literature Review process is responsible for providing theoretical support to research in the Threat Model and Multi-Factor Authentication. However, different from the related works, this study aims to evaluate the main characteristics of authentication solutions and their threat model. Also, it intends to list characteristics, threats, and related content to a state-of-art. As a result, we brought a portfolio analysis through charts, figures, and tables presented in the discussion section.
This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of authentication schemes for smart mobile devices. We start by providing an overview of existing survey articles published in the recent years that deal with security for mobile devices. Then, we describe and give a classification of threat models in smart mobile devices in five categories, including, identity-based attacks, eavesdropping-based attacks, combined eavesdropping and identity-based attacks, manipulation-based attacks, and service-based attacks. We also provide a classification of countermeasures into four types of categories, incl…
With the latest developments in technology, extra and extra human beings depend on their private gadgets to keep their touchy information. Concurrently, the surroundings in which these gadgets are linked have grown to grow to be greater dynamic and complex. This opens the dialogue of if the modern day authentication strategies being used in these gadgets are dependable ample to preserve these user's records safe. This paper examines the distinct consumer authentication schemes proposed to make bigger the protection of exceptional devices. This article is break up into two one of a kind avenues…
Unequivocally, a single man in possession of a strong password is not enough to solve the issue of security. Studies indicate that passwords have been subjected to various attacks, regardless of the applied protection mechanisms due to the human factor. The keystone for the adoption of more efficient authentication methods by the different markets is the trade-off between security and usability. To bridge the gap between user-friendly interfaces and advanced security features, the Fast Identity Online (FIDO) alliance defined several authentication protocols. Although FIDO's biometric-based aut…
University of Central Florida（中佛罗里达大学）；Ewha Womans University（梨花女子大学）
Mobile devices and technologies have become increasingly popular, offering comparable storage and computational capabilities to desktop computers allowing users to store and interact with sensitive and private information. The security and protection of such personal information are becoming more and more important since mobile devices are vulnerable to unauthorized access or theft. User authentication is a task of paramount importance that grants access to legitimate users at the point-of-entry and continuously through the usage session. This task is made possible with today's smartphones' em…
The concept of Aadhaar came with the need for a unique identity for every individual. To implement this, the Indian government created the authority UIDAI to distribute and generate user identities for every individual based on their demographic and biometric data. After the implementation, came the security issues and challenges of Aadhaar and its authentication. So, our study focuses on the journey of Aadhaar from its history to the current condition. The paper also describes the authentication process, and the updates happened over time. We have also provided an analysis of the security att…
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has found its applications in a variety of environments ranging from data science to cybersecurity. AI helps break through the limitations of traditional algorithms and provides more efficient and flexible methods for solving problems. In this paper, we focus on the applications of artificial intelligence in authentication, which is used in a wide range of scenarios including facial recognition to access buildings, keystroke dynamics to unlock smartphones. With the emerging AI-assisted authentication schemes, our comprehensive survey provides an overall understandi…
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have a wide variety of applications, and their development in terms of capabilities is continuously evolving. Many missions performed by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) require flying in public airspace. This requires very high safety standards, similar to those mandatory in commercial civil aviation. A safe UAV Traffic Management (UTM) requires several communication links between aircraft, their pilots and UTM systems. The integrity of these communication links is critical for the safety of operations. Several security requirements also have to be met on each of…
Text password has served as the most popular method for user authentication so far, and is not likely to be totally replaced in foreseeable future. Password authentication offers several desirable properties (e.g., low-cost, highly available, easy-to-implement, reusable). However, it suffers from a critical security issue mainly caused by the inability to memorize complicated strings of humans. Users tend to choose easy-to-remember passwords which are not uniformly distributed in the key space. Thus, user-selected passwords are susceptible to guessing attacks. In order to encourage and support…
With the increase of credit card usage, the volume of credit card misuse also has significantly increased. As a result, financial organizations are working hard on developing and deploying credit card fraud detection methods, in order to adapt to ever-evolving, increasingly sophisticated defrauding strategies and identifying illicit transactions as quickly as possible to protect themselves and their customers. Compounding on the complex nature of such adverse strategies, credit card fraudulent activities are rare events compared to the number of legitimate transactions. Hence, the challenge to…
This article surveys blockchain-based approaches for several security services. These services include authentication, confidentiality, privacy, and access control list (ACL), data and resource provenance, and integrity assurance. All these services are critical for the current distributed applications, especially due to the large amount of data being processed over the networks and the use of cloud computing. Authentication ensures that the user is who he/she claims to be. Confidentiality guarantees that data cannot be read by unauthorized users. Privacy provides the users the ability to cont…
Android's graphical password unlock remains one of the most widely used schemes for phone unlock authentication, and it is has been studied extensively in the last decade since its launch. We have learned that users' choice of patterns mimics the poor password choices in other systems, such as PIN or text-based passwords. A wide variety of analysis and data collections methods was used to reach these conclusions, but what is missing from the literature is a systemized comparison of the related work in this space that compares both the methodology and the results. In this paper, we take a detai…
With the emerging of touch-less human-computer interaction techniques and gadgets, mid-air hand gestures have been widely used for authentication. Much literature examined either the usability or security of a handful of gestures. This paper aims at quantifying usability and security of gestures as well as understanding their relationship across multiple gestures. To study gesture-based authentication, we design an authentication method that combines Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), and conducted a user study with 42 participants over a period of 6 weeks. We objecti…
This article surveys the literature over the period 2003-2021 on heart-based biometric protocols. In particular, we focus on how the heart signal is transformed from a continuous wave to discrete values to be used afterwards in authentication protocols. We explain and classify the surveyed proposals according to three main parameters: i) the dataset they use for testing their results; ii) the delineation algorithms they use to extract the fiducial points, and; iii) the cryptographic tests they run (if any) to validate how random the extracted token is.
Internet banking (IB) continues to face security concerns arising from illegal access to users accounts. Use of personal identification numbers (PIN) as a single authentication method for IB users is prone to insecurities such as phishing, hacking and shoulder surfing. Fingerprint matching (FPM) as an alternative to PIN equally has a downside as fingerprints reside on individual mobile devices. A survey we conducted from 170 IB respondents of 5 different banks in Brunei established that majority (65%) of them preferred use of biometric authentication methods. In this work, we propose a two-lev…
Oil and gas fields are a critical part of our infrastructure, and vulnerable to attack by powerful adversaries. In addition, these are often difficult work environments, with constraints on space, clothing, and more. Yet there is little research on the technology practices and constraints of workers in these environments. We present what we believe is the first survey of oil- and gas-field workers located around the world. We establish the presence and status of a variety of computing devices and of the security practices that govern their use. We also determine the working conditions (such as…
Risk-based authentication (RBA) is an adaptive security measure to strengthen password-based authentication. RBA monitors additional implicit features during password entry such as device or geolocation information, and requests additional authentication factors if a certain risk level is detected. RBA is recommended by the NIST digital identity guidelines, is used by several large online services, and offers protection against security risks such as password database leaks, credential stuffing, insecure passwords and large-scale guessing attacks. Despite its relevance, the procedures used by …
The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a guiding technology behind automation and smart computing. One of the major concerns with the IoT systems is the lack of privacy and security preserving schemes for controlling access and ensuring the security of the data. A majority of security issues arise because of the centralized architecture of IoT systems. Another concern is the lack of proper authentication and access control schemes to moderate access to information generated by the IoT devices. So the question that arises is how to ensure the identity of the equipment or the communicating node…
Additive manufacturing (AM) is growing as fast as anyone can imagine, and it is now a multi-billion-dollar industry. AM becomes popular in a variety of sectors, such as automotive, aerospace, biomedical, and pharmaceutical, for producing parts/ components/ subsystems. However, current AM technologies can face vast risks of security issues and privacy loss. For the security of AM process, many researchers are working on the defense mechanism to countermeasure such security concerns and finding efficient ways to eliminate those risks. Researchers have also been conducting experiments to establis…
In this paper, we present a systematic survey on the contextual information based proximity detection techniques. These techniques are heavily used for improving security and usability in Zero-Interaction based Co-presence Detection and Authentication (ZICDA) systems. In particular, the survey includes a discussion on the possible adversary and communication models along with the existing security attacks on ZICDA systems, and it reviews the state-of-the-art proximity detection techniques that make use of contextual information. These proximity detection techniques are commonly referred to as …
