We use the non-equilibrium bosonization technique to study the effects of Coulomb interactions in mesoscopic electron colliders based on quantum Hall (QH) edge states at filing factor $ν= 2$. The current cross-correlations and Fano factor, which carry the information about the exclusion statistics, are calculated. It is shown that both these quantities have a non-analytical dependence on the source transparency, which scales as $\log(1/T_s)$ at small $T_s \ll 1$. This is the consequence of electron-electron interactions in the outgoing non-equilibrium states of the collider.
By allowing the spin degrees of freedom, we present a generalized spin allowed $U(1)\times U(1)$ Chern-Simons theory of fractional quantum Hall effects for odd and even denominator filling factors in single layers. This theory is shown to reproduce all possible odd denominator filling factors corresponding to spin-unpolarized, partially polarized, and fully polarized fractional quantum Hall states. Closely following our earlier theory, we derive the formal expressions of electromagnetic polarization tensors and Hall conductivity for the spin-unpolarized and partially polarized fractional quant…
We report the observation of developing fractional quantum Hall states at Landau level filling factors $ν= 1/2$ and 1/4 in electron systems confined to wide GaAs quantum wells with significantly $asymmetric$ charge distributions. The very large electric subband separation and the highly asymmetric charge distribution at which we observe these quantum Hall states, together with the fact that they disappear when the charge distribution is made symmetric, suggest that these are one-component states, possibly described by the Moore-Read Pfaffian wavefunction.
We experimentally study equilibration across the sample edge at high fractional filling factors 4/3, 5/3 under experimental conditions, which allow us to obtain high imbalance conditions. We find a lack of the full equilibration across the edge even in the flat-band situation, where no potential barrier survives at the sample edge. We interpret this result as the manifestation of complicated edge excitation structure at high fractional filling factors 4/3, 5/3. Also, a mobility gap in the $ν_c=1$ incompressible strip is determined in normal and tilted magnetic fields.
We consider stripe formation in quantum Hall systems at integer filling factors. We use Hartree-Fock calculations to obtain the phase diagram of bilayer quantum Hall systems at $ν=4n+1$ in a tilted magnetic field. We derive and analyze an effective low energy theory for the stripe phases which may be present in such systems. We discuss the possibility of stripe formation in wide well systems in a tilted magnetic field and suggest that the resistance anisotropy, observed recently by W. Pan et.al. [phys. Rev. B 64 (2001) 121305], may be due to the existence of a skyrmion stripe phase.
We report experiments in a large, 2.5 micron diameter Fabry-Perot quantum Hall interferometer with two tunneling constrictions. Interference fringes are observed as conductance oscillations as a function of applied magnetic field (the Aharonov-Bohm flux through the electron island) or a global backgate voltage (electronic charge in the island). Depletion is such that in the fractional quantum Hall regime, filling 1/3 current-carrying chiral edge channels pass through constrictions when the island filling is 2/5. The interferometer device is calibrated with fermionic electrons in the integer qu…
We consider tunneling through two point contacts between two edges of Quantum Hall liquids of different filling factors $ν_{0,1}=1/ (2m_{0,1}+1)$ with $m_0-m_1\equiv m>0$. Properties of the antidot formed between the point contacts in the strong-tunneling limit are shown to be very different from the $ν_0 =ν_1$ case, and include vanishing average total current in the two contacts and quasiparticles of charge $e/m$. For $m>1$, quasiparticle tunneling leads to non-trivial $m$-state dynamics of effective flux through the antidot which restores the regular ``electron'' periodicity of the current i…
We compute the physical properties of non-Abelian Fractional Quantum Hall (FQH) states described by Jack polynomials at general filling $ν=\frac{k}{r}$. For $r=2$, these states are identical to the $Z_k$ Read-Rezayi parafermions, whereas for $r>2$ they represent new FQH states. The $r=k+1$ states, multiplied by a Vandermonde determinant, are a non-Abelian alternative construction of states at fermionic filling $2/5, 3/7, 4/9...$. We obtain the thermal Hall coefficient, the quantum dimensions, the electron scaling exponent, and show that the non-Abelian quasihole has a well-defined propagator f…
We study the recently observed graphene fractional quantum Hall state at a filling factor $ν_G=1/3$ using a four-component trial wave function and exact diagonalization calculations. Although it is adiabatically connected to a 1/3 Laughlin state in the upper spin branch, with SU(2) valley-isospin ferromagnetic ordering and a completely filled lower spin branch, it reveals physical properties beyond such a state that is the natural ground state for a large Zeeman effect. Most saliently, it possesses at experimentally relevant values of the Zeeman gap low-energy spin-flip excitations that may be…
In this paper, the density-matrix renormalization group method is employed to investigate the fractional quantum Hall effect at filling fractions $ν=1/3$ and 5/2. We first present benchmark results at both filling fractions for large system sizes to show the accuracy as well as the capability of the numerical algorithm. Furthermore, we show that by keeping a large number of basis states, one can also obtain accurate entanglement spectrum at $ν=5/2$ for large system with electron number up to $N_e=34$, much larger than systems previously studied. Based on a finite-size scaling analysis, we demo…
We present results of extensive numerical calculations on the ground state of electrons in the first excited (n=1) Landau level with Coulomb interactions, and including non-zero thickness effects, for filling factors 12/5 and 13/5 in the torus geometry. In a region that includes these experimentally-relevant values, we find that the energy spectrum and the overlaps with the trial states support the previous hypothesis that the system is in the non-Abelian k = 3 liquid phase we introduced in a previous paper.
The electronic excitations at the edges of a Hall bar not much wider than a few magnetic lengths are studied theoretically at filling $ν= 2$. Both mean-field theory and Luttinger liquid theory techniques are employed for the case of a null Zeeman energy splitting. The first calculation yields a stable spin-density wave state along the bar, while the second one predicts dominant Wigner-crystal correlations along the edges of the bar. We propose an antiferromagnetic Wigner-crystal groundstate for the edge electrons that reconciles the two results. A net Zeeman splitting is found to produce canti…
The nature of the state at low Landau-level filling factors has been a longstanding puzzle in the field of the fractional quantum Hall effect. While theoretical calculations suggest that a crystal is favored at filling factors $ν\lesssim 1/6$, experiments show, at somewhat elevated temperatures, minima in the longitudinal resistance that are associated with fractional quantum Hall effect at $ν=$ 1/7, 2/11, 2/13, 3/17, 3/19, 1/9, 2/15 and 2/17, which belong to the standard sequences $ν=n/(6n\pm 1)$ and $ν=n/(8n\pm 1)$. To address this paradox, we investigate the nature of some of the low-$ν$ st…
A quasiclassical theory for dc magnetotransport in a modulated quantum Hall system near filling factor $ν={1/2}$ is presented. A weak one-dimensional electrostatic potential acts on the two-dimensional electron gas. Closed form analytic expressions are obtained for the resistivity $ρ_\perp$ corresponding to a current at right angles to the direction of the modulation lines as well as a smaller component $ρ_{||}$ for a current along the direction of the modulation lines. It is shown that both resistivity components are affected by the presence of the modulation. Numerical results are presented …
We show that in quantum Hall systems at half-filling, edge potentials alone can drive transitions between the Pfaffian and anti-Pfaffian topological phases. We conjecture this is true in realistic systems even in the presence of weak bulk interactions that break the particle-hole symmetry. The strong effects of edge potentials could be understood from different topological shifts of competing phases, manifested on the disk geometry as the variation of orbital numbers at fixed number of particles. In particular, we show analytically particle-hole conjugation of Hamiltonians on the disk is equiv…
We explain effective charge anomalies recently observed for fractional quantum Hall edge states at $ν=5/2$ [M. Dolev, Y. Gross, Y. C. Chung, M. Heiblum, V. Umansky, and D. Mahalu, Phys.Rev. B. \textbf{81}, 161303(R) (2010)]. The experimental data of differential conductance and excess noise are fitted, using the anti-Pfaffian model, by properly take into account renormalizations of the Luttinger parameters induced by the coupling of the system with an intrinsic $1/f$ noise. We demonstrate that a peculiar agglomerate excitation with charge $e/2$, double of the expected $e/4$ charge, dominates t…
A general analytical framework for the determination of the mean field states at arbitrary rational filling factors for the 2DEG in FQHE regime is given. Its use allows to obtain analytic expressions for the solutions at filling factors of the form $ν=1/q$ for arbitrary odd $q$. The analysis can be performed for two general classes of states characterized by $γ=1$ or $γ={1/2}$ particles per unit cell. Instead of the periodic peaks of the Wigner solid solution, the new states show electron densities forming percolating ridges that may favor an energy decrease through correlated ring of exchange…
Magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) has been studied extensively owing to its wealth of symmetry-broken phases, correlated Chern insulators, orbital magnetism, and superconductivity. In particular, the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) has been observed at odd integer filling factors ($ν=1$ and $3$) in a small number of tBLG devices, indicating the emergence of a zero-field orbital magnetic state with spontaneously broken time-reversal symmetry. However, the AHE is typically not anticipated at half filling ($ν=2$) owing to competing intervalley coherent states, as well as spin-polarized and …
A system at filling factor 2/3 could be a candidate for a quantum Hall ferromagnet at integer filling factor of composite fermions. Using exact diagonalization with electrons on a torus we study the transition from the singlet ground state to the polarized ground state at this filling and look for signatures of quantum Hall ferromagnetism. Differences between the fractional and corresponding integer systems are emphasised. Most interestingly, we find around the transition a low excited half-polarized state which might become the ground state in the thermodynamical limit. We study its structure…
We have observed in a low density two-dimensional hole system (2DHS) of extremely high quality (with hole density p=1.6x10^{10} cm^{-2} and mobility μ=0.8x10^6 cm^2/Vs) that, as the 2DHS is continuously tilted with respect to the direction of the magnetic field, the ν=1/3 fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) state is weakened and its magnetoresistivity rises from ~ 0.4 kohm/square in the normal orientation to ~ 180 kohm/square at tilt angle θ\~ 80 degrees. We attribute this phenomenon to the transition of the 2DHS from the FQHE liquid state to the pinned Wigner solid state, and argue that its…
Spin splitting in the integer quantum Hall effect is investigated for a series of Al$_{x}$Ga$_{1-x}$As/GaAs heterojunctions and quantum wells. Magnetoresistance measurements are performed at mK temperature to characterize the electronic density of states and estimate the strength of many body interactions. A simple model with no free parameters correctly predicts the magnetic field required to observe spin splitting confirming that the appearance of spin splitting is a result of a competition between the disorder induced energy cost of flipping spins and the exchange energy gain associated wit…
We study the spin relaxation in an interacting two--dimensional electron gas in a strong magnetic field for the case that the electron density is close to filling just one Landau sub--level of one spin projection, i.e., for filling factor near one. Assuming the relaxation to be caused by scattering with phonons, we derive the kinetic equations for the electron's spin--density which replace the Bloch equations in our case. These equations are non--linear and their solution depends crucially on the filling factor and on the temperature of the phonon bath. In the limit of zero temperature and for…
We report anomalous behavior in a double-layer two dimensional hole gas (2DHG) at even integer filling factors which includes hysteresis in the longitudinal and Hall resistances and a very weak temperature dependence of the resistance minima. All anomalies disappear and the conventional quantum Hall effect behavior recovers when a thin metal film is placed on top of the 2DHG. The behavior is attributed to presence of the theoretically predicted magnetic ordering at even integer filling factors which causes the formation of macroscopic spin-charge domains.
Within the newly formulated composite fermion hierarchy the filling fraction of a spherical quantum Hall system is obtained when it can be expressed as an odd or even denominator fraction. A plot of $ν\frac{2S}{N-1}$ as a function of $2S$ for a constant number of particles (up to N=10001) exhibits structure of the fractional quantum Hall effect. It is confirmed that $ν_e +ν_h=1$ for all particle-hole conjugate systems, except systems with $N_e =N_h$, and $N_e=N_h \pm 1$.
Energy spectrum of fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states is composed of single electron energy (Landau energy) neglecting the Coulomb interactions between electrons, classical Coulomb energy and the quantum energy via quantum transitions. Herein, the sum of the Landau energy and the classical Coulomb energy depends upon the value of the filling factor continuously. However, the quantum transition energy discontinuously depends upon the value of the filling factor. This discontinuity yields energy gaps in many stable FQH states. The energy gaps for specific filling factors produce the precise co…
We report low temperature electronic transport results on the fractional quantum Hall effect of composite fermions at Landau level filling nu = 4/11 in a very high mobility and low density sample. Measurements were carried out at temperatures down to 15mK, where an activated magnetoresistance Rxx and a quantized Hall resistance Rxy, within 1% of the expected value of h/(4/11)e^2, were observed. The temperature dependence of the Rxx minimum at 4/11 yields an activation energy gap of ~ 7 mK. Developing Hall plateaus were also observed at the neighboring states at nu = 3/8 and 5/13.
A low energy action for double-layer quantum Hall systems at filling fractions $ν= 2/m$ ($m$ an odd integer) is introduced. Interlayer antiferromagnetic exchange induces a phase with canted spin order, and also a spin-singlet phase. Universal properties of zero and finite temperature transitions are obtained. We compute the critical temperature at which the canted order vanishes in a Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. Implications for recent light scattering experiments at $ν= 2$ are noted.
Magneto-transport measurements in a clean two-dimensional electron system confined to a wide GaAs quantum well reveal that, when the electrons occupy two electric subbands, the sequences of fractional quantum Hall states observed at high fillings ($ν> 2$) are distinctly different from those of a single-subband system. Notably, when the Fermi energy lies in the ground state Landau level of either of the subbands, no quantum Hall states are seen at the even-denominator $ν$ = 5/2 and 7/2 fillings; instead the observed states are at $ν= (i + p/(2p \pm 1))$ where $i$ = 2, 3, and $p$ = 1, 2, 3, and …
At low Landau level filling of a two-dimensional electron system, typically associated with the formation of an electron crystal, we observe local minima in Rxx at filling factors nu=2/11, 3/17, 3/19, 2/13, 1/7, 2/15, 2/17, and 1/9. Each of these developing fractional quantum Hall (FQHE) states appears only above a filling factor-specific temperature. This can be interpreted as the melting of an electron crystal and subsequent FQHE liquid formation. The observed sequence of FQHE states follow the series of composite fermion states emanating from nu=1/6 and nu=1/8.
Optical absorption measurements are used to probe the spin polarization in the integer and fractional quantum Hall effect regimes. The system is fully spin polarized only at filling factor $ν=1$ and at very low temperatures($\sim40$ mK). A small change in filling factor ($δν\approx\pm0.01$) leads to a significant depolarization. This suggests that the itinerant quantum Hall ferromagnet at $ν=1$ is surprisingly fragile against increasing temperature, or against small changes in filling factor.
We present an effective Hamiltonian for a bilayer quantum Hall system at filling factor $ν=1$ neglecting charge fluctuations. Our model is formulated in terms of spin and pseudospin operators and is an exact representation of the system within the above approximation. We analyze its low-lying excitations in terms of spin-wave theory. Moreover we add to previous first-principle exact-diagonalization studies concentrating on the quantum phase transition seen in this system.
We report simultaneous transport and scanning microwave impedance microscopy to examine the correlation between transport quantization and filling of the bulk Landau levels in the quantum Hall regime in gated graphene devices. Surprisingly, a comparison of these measurements reveals that quantized transport typically occurs below the complete filling of bulk Landau levels, when the bulk is still conductive. This result points to a revised understanding of transport quantization when carriers are accumulated by gating. We discuss the implications on transport study of the quantum Hall effect in…
Two-dimensional interacting electron systems become strongly correlated if the electrons are subject to a perpendicular high magnetic field. After introducing the physics of the quantum Hall regime the incompressible many- particle ground state and its excitations are studied in detail at fractional filling factors for spin-polarized electrons. The spin degree of freedom whose importance was shown in recent experiments is considered by studying the thermodynamics at filling factor one and near one.
We use a Mach-Zehnder quantum Hall interferometer of a novel design to investigate the interference effects at fractional filling factors. Our device brings together the advantages of usual Mach-Zehnder and Fabry-Perot quantum Hall interferometers. It realizes the simplest-for-analysis Mach-Zehnder interference scheme, free from Coulomb blockade effects. By contrast to the standard Mach-Zehnder realization, our device does not contain an etched region inside the interference loop. For the first time for Mach-Zehnder interference scheme, the device demonstrates interference oscillations with $Φ…
We discuss the Berry curvature calculations of the Hall viscosity for the unprojected to the lowest Landau level wave function of the Fermi-liquid-like state. We conclude, within assumptions made, that in the linear response, with small deformation of the system and in the thermodynamic limit, the Hall viscosity takes the value characteristic for the Laughlin states. We present arguments that the value is the same even for general deformations in the same limit.
Fractional quantum Hall states (FQHS) with the filling factor nu = p/q of q < 21 are examined and their energies are calculated. The classical Coulomb energy is evaluated among many electrons; that energy is linearly dependent on 1/nu. The residual binding energies are also evaluated. The electron pair in nearest Landau-orbitals is more affected via Coulomb transition than an electron pair in non-nearest orbitals. Each nearest electron pair can transfer to some empty orbital pair, but it cannot transfer to the other empty orbital pair because of conservation of momentum. Counting the numbers o…
We compare quantum Hall systems at filling factor 2 to those at filling factors 2/3 and 2/5, corresponding to the exact filling of two lowest electron or composite fermion (CF) Landau levels. The two fractional states are examples of CF liquids with spin dynamics. There is a close analogy between the ferromagnetic (spin polarization P=1) and paramagnetic (P=0) incompressible ground states that occur in all three systems in the limits of large and small Zeeman spin splitting. However, the excitation spectra are different. At filling factor 2, we find spin domains at half-polarization (P=1/2), w…
Opposite spin Landau levels in a quantum well can be brought into coincidence by tilting the magnetic field away from normal orientation. We demonstrate that the magnetotransport anomaly at integer filling factors that was recently discovered by Pan {\it et al} is due to such a coincidence. By performing exact diagonalization calculations using microscopically evaluated effective electron-electron interactions, we are able to establish that the electronic ground state at coincidence is an Ising quantum Hall ferromagnet and that the low energy excitations correspond to the formation of a domain…
We study fluctuations and topological melting transitions of quantum Hall stripes near half-filling of intermediate Landau levels. Taking the stripe state to be an anisotropic Wigner crystal (AWC) allows us to identify the quantum Hall nematic state conjectured in previous studies of the 2D electron gas as an {\em anisotropic hexatic}. The transition temperature from the AWC to the quantum Hall nematic state is explicitly calculated, and a tentative phase diagram for the 2D electron gas near half-filling is suggested.
We report on the observation of a new spin mode in a quantum Hall system in the vicinity of odd electron filling factors under experimental conditions excluding the possibility of Skyrmion excitations. The new mode having presumably zero energy at odd filling factors emerges at small deviations from odd filling factors and couples to the spin-exciton. The existence of an extra spin mode assumes a nontrivial magnetic order at partial fillings of Landau levels surrounding quantum Hall ferromagnets other then the Skyrmion crystal.
We report ultra-low temperature experiments on the obscure fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) at Landau level filling factor $ν$=5/2 in a very high mobility specimen of $μ=1.7 \times 10^7$ cm$^2$/Vs. We achieve an electron temperature as low as $\sim$ 4~mK, where we observe vanishing $R_{xx}$ and, for the first time, a quantized Hall resistance, $R_{xy}=h/(5/2e^2)$ to within 2 ppm. $R_{xy}$ at the neighboring odd-denominator states $ν$=7/3 and 8/3 is also quantized. The temperature dependences of the $R_{xx}$-minima at these fractional fillings yield activation energy gaps $Δ_{5/2}$=0.11K, …
The lowest-Landau-level anyon model becomes nonperiodic in the statistics parameter when the finite size of the attached flux tubes is taken into account. The finite-size effects cause the inverse proportional relation between the critical filling factor and the statistics parameter to be nonperiodically continued in the screening regime, where the fluxes are anti-parallel to the external magnetic field -- at critical filling, the external magnetic field is entirely screened by the mean magnetic field associated with the flux tubes. A clustering argument is proposed to select particular values…
The residual interaction between composite fermions (CFs) can express itself through higher order fractional Hall effect. With the help of diagonalization in a truncated composite fermion basis of low-energy many-body states, we predict that quantum Hall effect with partial spin polarization is possible at several fractions between $ν=1/3$ and $ν=2/5$. The estimated excitation gaps are approximately two orders of magnitude smaller than the gap at $ν=1/3$, confirming that the inter-CF interaction is extremely weak in higher CF levels.
We present an exact diagonalisation study of bilayer quantum Hall systems at a filling factor of two in the spherical geometry. We find the high-Zeeman-coupling phase boundary of the broken symmetry canted antiferromagnet is given exactly by previous Hartree-Fock mean-field theories, but that the state's stability at weak Zeeman coupling has been qualitatively overestimated. In the absence of interlayer tunneling, degeneracies occur between total spin multiplets due to the Hamiltonian's invariance under independent spin-rotations in top and bottom two-dimensional electron layers.
We report systematic quantum Hall transport experiments on Fabry-Perot electron interferometers at ultra-low-temperatures. The GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure devices consist of two constrictions defined by etch trenches in 2D electron layer, enclosing an approximately circular island. Front gates deposited in etch trenches allow to fine-tune the device for symmetry and to change the constriction filling, relative to the bulk. The low-field longitudinal and Hall magnetotransport shows Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations and integer quantum Hall plateaus. A systematic variation of front-gate voltage aff…
We use a fully self-consistent laterally resolved Hartree-Fock approximation for numerically addressing the electron configurations at higher Landau levels in the quantum Hall regime for near-macroscopic sample sizes. Our results give microscopic details of stripe- and bubble-like charge density modulations and show how these emerge depending on the filling factor. We find that there exists a region at the boundaries of the stripes and bubbles with a density modulation that corresponds to a filling factor around half filling. The microscopic details of these boundary regions determine the geom…
We consider the edge of a two-dimensional electron system that is in the quantum-Hall-effect regime at filling factor 1-1/m with m being an odd integer, where microscopic theory explaining the occurrence of the quantum Hall effect in the bulk predicts the existence of two counterpropagating edge-excitation modes. These two modes are the classical edge-magnetoplasmon mode and a slow-moving neutral mode. Assuming the electrons to be confined by a coplanar neutralizing background of positive charges, and taking careful account of long-range Coulomb interactions, we determine microscopically the v…
We find that the nuclear-spin polarization has not been treated correctly. The references given are those of wrong papers. The credits assigned for discoveries are also not correct. Incorrect theories have been cited. The reference to the correct theory has been neglected. Because there are lots of good people, so they do not want to give reference to my papers even though they have not solved the problem of quantum Hall effect and we have.
We have calculated the energy spectra for almost all the filling fractions in the Jain series low energy fundamental mode as well as higher energy modes using composite fermion theory. The nature of the low energy mode and higher energy mode is nearly identical to the roton mode. We have observed that, these series of filling fractions $ν=\frac{n}{2pn+1}$ possess $n$ number of roton minima in their higher energy mode.
Fractional quantum Hall states at half-integer filling factors have been observed in many systems beyond the $5/2$ and $7/2$ plateaus in GaAs quantum wells. This includes bilayer states in GaAs, several half-integer plateaus in ZnO-based heterostructures, and quantum Hall liquids in graphene. In all cases, Cooper pairing of composite fermions is believed to explain the plateaus. The nature of Cooper pairing and the topological order on those plateaus are hotly debated. Different orders are believed to be present in different systems. This makes it important to understand experimental signature…
In a recent paper [B. A. Piot et al., Phys. Rev. B 72, 245325 (2005)], we have shown that the lifting of the electron spin degeneracy in the integer quantum Hall effect at high filling factors should be interpreted as a magnetic-field-induced Stoner transition. In this work, we extend the analysis to investigate the influence of the single-particle Zeeman energy on the quantum Hall ferromagnet at high filling factors. The single-particle Zeeman energy is tuned through the application of an additional in-plane magnetic field. Both the evolution of the spin polarization of the system and the cri…
