We give methods for constructing many self-dual $\mathbb{Z}_m$-codes and Type II $\mathbb{Z}_{2k}$-codes of length $2n$ starting from a given self-dual $\mathbb{Z}_m$-code and Type II $\mathbb{Z}_{2k}$-code of length $2n$, respectively. As an application, we construct extremal Type II $\mathbb{Z}_{2k}$-codes of length $24$ for $k=4,5,\ldots,20$ and extremal Type II $\mathbb{Z}_{2k}$-codes of length $32$ for $k=4,5,\ldots,10$. We also construct new extremal Type II $\mathbb{Z}_4$-codes of lengths $56$ and $64$.
In this note, we demonstrate that every binary doubly even self-dual code of length $40$ can be realized as the residue code of some extremal Type II $\mathbb{Z}_4$-code. As a consequence, it is shown that there are at least $94356$ inequivalent extremal Type II $\mathbb{Z}_4$-codes of length $40$.
New $s$-extremal extremal unimodular lattices in dimensions $38$, $40$, $42$ and $44$ are constructed from self-dual codes over $\mathbb{F}_5$ by Construction A. In the process of constructing these codes, we obtain a self-dual $[44,22,14]$ code over $\mathbb{F}_5$. In addition, the code implies a $[43,22,13]$ code over $\mathbb{F}_5$. These codes have larger minimum weights than the previously known $[44,22]$ codes and $[43,22]$ codes, respectively.
We give a classification of four-circulant singly even self-dual $[60,30,d]$ codes for $d=10$ and $12$. These codes are used to construct extremal singly even self-dual $[60,30,12]$ codes with weight enumerator for which no extremal singly even self-dual code was previously known to exist. From extremal singly even self-dual $[60,30,12]$ codes, we also construct extremal singly even self-dual $[58,29,10]$ codes with weight enumerator for which no extremal singly even self-dual code was previously known to exist. Finally, we give some restriction on the possible weight enumerators of certain si…
In this paper, we determine the dimensions of the residue codes of extremal Type II Z4-codes for lengths 32 and 40. We demonstrate that every binary doubly even self-dual code of length 32 can be realized as the residue code of some extremal Type II Z4-code. It is also shown that there is a unique extremal Type II Z4-code of length 32 whose residue code has the smallest dimension 6 up to equivalence. As a consequence, many new extremal Type II Z4-codes of lengths 32 and 40 are constructed.
We give restrictions on the weight enumerators of ternary near-extremal self-dual codes of length divisible by $12$ and quaternary near-extremal Hermitian self-dual codes of length divisible by $6$. We consider the weight enumerators for which there is a ternary near-extremal self-dual code of length $12m$ for $m =3,4,5,6$. Also we consider the weight enumerators for which there is a quaternary near-extremal Hermitian self-dual code of length $6m$ for $m =4,5,6$.
In this work, quadratic double and quadratic bordered double circulant constructions are applied to F_4 + uF_4 as well as F_4, as a result of which extremal binary self-dual codes of length 56 and 64 are obtained. The binary extension theorems as well as the ring extension version are used to obtain 7 extremal self-dual binary codes of length 58, 24 extremal self-dual binary codes of length 66 and 29 extremal self-dual binary codes of length 68, all with new weight enumerators, updating the list of all the known extremal self-dual codes in the literature.
We construct new $s$-extremal singly even self-dual codes of minimum weights $8,10,12$ and $14$. We also give tables for the currently known results on the existence of $s$-extremal singly even self-dual codes of minimum weights $8,10,12$ and $14$.
For lengths $64$ and $66$, we construct extremal singly even self-dual codes with weight enumerators for which no extremal singly even self-dual codes were previously known to exist. We also construct new $40$ inequivalent extremal doubly even self-dual $[64,32,12]$ codes with covering radius $12$ meeting the Delsarte bound.
A classification of extremal double circulant self-dual codes of lengths up to $88$ is known. We give a classification of extremal double circulant self-dual codes of lengths $90,92,94$ and $96$. We also classify double circulant self-dual codes with parameters $[90,45,14]$ and $[96,48,16]$. In addition, we demonstrate that no double circulant self-dual $[90,45,14]$ code has an extremal self-dual neighbor, and no double circulant self-dual $[96,45,16]$ code has a self-dual neighbor with minimum weight at least $18$.
We introduce an altered version of the four circulant construction over group rings for self-dual codes. We consider this construction over the binary field, the rings F_2 + uF_2 and F_4 + uF_4; using groups of order 3, 7, 9, 13, and 15. Through these constructions and their extensions, we find binary self-dual codes of lengths 32, 40, 56, 64, 68 and 80, all of which are extremal or optimal. In particular, we find five new self-dual codes of parameters [56, 28, 10], twenty-three extremal binary self-dual codes of length 68 with new weight enumerators and fifteen new self-dual codes of paramete…
In this work, two types of codes such that they both dominate and locate the vertices of a graph are studied. Those codes might be sets of detectors in a network or processors controlling a system whose set of responses should determine a malfunctioning processor or an intruder. Here, we present our more significant contributions on λ-codes and η-codes concerning concerning bounds, extremal values and realization theorems.
In this work, new construction methods for self-dual codes are given. The methods use the short Kharaghani array and a variation of it. These are applicable to any commutative Frobenius ring. We apply the constructions over the ring F_2 + uF_2 and self-dual Type I [64, 32, 12]_2-codes with various weight enumerators obtained as Gray images. By the use of an extension theorem for self-dual codes we were able to construct 27 new extremal binary self-dual codes of length 68. The existence of the extremal binary self-dual codes with these weight enumerators was previously unknown.
By the Assmus and Mattson theorem, the codewords of each nontrivial weight in an extremal doubly even self-dual code of length 24m form a self-orthogonal 5-design. In this paper, we study the codes constructed from self-orthogonal 5-designs with the same parameters as the above 5-designs. We give some parameters of a self-orthogonal 5-design whose existence is equivalent to that of an extremal doubly even self-dual code of length 24m for m=3,...,6. If $m \in \{1,\ldots,6\}$, $k \in \{m+1,\ldots,5m-1\}$ and $(m,k) \ne (6,18)$, then it is shown that an extremal doubly even self-dual code of leng…
In this paper, binary extremal singly even self-dual codes of length 40 and extremal odd unimodular lattices in dimension 40 are studied. We give a classification of extremal singly even self-dual codes of length 40. We also give a classification of extremal odd unimodular lattices in dimension 40 with shadows having 80 vectors of norm 2 through their relationships with extremal doubly even self-dual codes of length 40.
In this work, connected cubic planar bipartite graphs and related binary self-dual codes are studied. Binary self-dual codes of length 16 are obtained by face-vertex incidence matrices of these graphs. By considering their lifts to the ring R_2 new extremal binary self-dual codes of lengths 64 are constructed as Gray images. More precisely, we construct 15 new codes of length 64. Moreover, 10 new codes of length 66 were obtained by applying a building-up construction to the binary codes. Codes with these weight enumerators are constructed for the first time in the literature. The results are t…
All extremal ternary codes of length 48 that have some automorphism of prime order $p\geq 5$ are equivalent to one of the two known codes, the Pless code or the extended quadratic residue code.
In this work, we propose a modified four circulant construction for self-dual codes and a bordered version of the construction using the properties of λ-circulant and λ-reverse circulant matrices. By using the constructions on $F_2$, we obtain new binary codes of lengths 64 and 68. We also apply the constructions to the ring $R_2$ and considering the $F_2$ and $R_1$-extensions, we obtain new singly-even extremal binary self-dual codes of lengths 66 and 68. More precisely, we find 3 new codes of length 64, 15 new codes of length 66 and 22 new codes of length 68. These codes all have weight enum…
A classical result of Conway and Pless is that a natural projection of the fixed code of an automorphism of odd prime order of a self-dual binary linear code is self-dual. In this paper we prove that the same holds for involutions under some (quite strong) conditions on the codes. In order to prove it, we introduce a new family of binary codes: the semi self-dual codes. A binary self-orthogonal code is called semi self-dual if it contains the all-ones vector and is of codimension 2 in its dual code. We prove upper bounds on the dual distance of semi self-dual codes. As an application we get th…
In this work, we generalize the four circulant construction for self-dual codes. By applying the constructions over the alphabets F_2, F_2 + uF_2, F_4+uF_4, we were able to obtain extremal binary self-dual codes of lengths 40, 64 including new extremal binary self-dual codes of length 68. More precisely, 43 new extremal binary self-dual codes of length 68, with rare new parameters have been constructed.
In this work, four circulant and quadratic double circulant (QDC) constructions are applied to the family of the rings R_k,m. Self-dual binary codes are obtained as the Gray images of self-dual QDC codes over R_k,m. Extremal binary self-dual codes of length 64 are obtained as Gray images of ?-four circulant codes over R_2,1 and R_2,2. Extremal binary self-dual codes of lengths 66 and 68 are constructed by applying extension theorems to the F_2 and R_2,1 images of these codes. More precisely, 11 new codes of length 66 and 39 new codes of length 68 are discovered. The codes with these weight enu…
In this paper we construct a new optimal code with parameters [120, 60, 20] of type II with an automorphism of order 29. Furthermore we classify all extremal codes with length 60 of type I with an automorphism of this order.
The existence of an extremal code of length 72 is a long-standing open problem. Let C be a putative extremal code of length 72 and suppose that C has an automorphism g of order 6. We show that C, as an F_2<g>-module, is the direct sum of two modules, one easily determinable and the other one which has a very restrictive structure. We use this fact to do an exhaustive search and we do not find any code. This proves that the automorphism group of an extremal code of length 72 does not contain elements of order 6.
In this work, quadratic reside codes over the ring F2 +uF2 +u^2F2 with u^3 = u are considered. A duality and distance preserving Gray map from F2 + uF2 + u^2F2 to (F_2)^3 is defined. By using quadratic double circulant, quadratic bordered double circulant constructions and their extensions self- dual codes of different lengths are obtained. As Gray images of these codes and their extensions, a substantial number of new extremal self-dual binary codes are found. More precisely, thirty two new extremal binary self-dual codes of length 68, 363 Type I codes of parameters [72; 36; 12], a Type II [7…
We prove that the only primes which may divide the order of the automorphism group of a putative binary self-dual doubly-even [120, 60, 24] code are 2, 3, 5, 7, 19, 23 and 29. Furthermore we prove that automorphisms of prime order $p \geq 5$ have a unique cycle structure.
Let $C$ be an extremal self-dual binary code of length 72 and $g\in \Aut(C) $ be an automorphism of order 2. We show that $C$ is a free $\F_2<g>$ module and use this to exclude certain subgroups of order 8 of $\Aut (C)$. We also show that $\Aut(C)$ does not contain an element of order 10.
It is shown that the residue code of a self-dual $\mathbb{Z}_4$-code of length $24k$ (resp.\ $24k+8$) and minimum Lee weight $8k+4 \text{ or }8k+2$ (resp.\ $8k+8 \text{ or }8k+6$) is a binary extremal doubly even self-dual code for every positive integer $k$. A number of new self-dual $\mathbb{Z}_4$-codes of length $24$ and minimum Lee weight $10$ are constructed using the above characterization. These codes are Type I $\mathbb{Z}_4$-codes having the largest minimum Lee weight and the largest Euclidean weight among all Type I $\mathbb{Z}_4$-codes of that length. In addition, new extremal Type …
In this paper, a virus optimization algorithm, which is one of the metaheuristic optimization technique, is employed for the first time to the problem of finding extremal binary self-dual codes. We present a number of generator matrices of the form $[I_{36} \ | \ τ_3(v)],$ where $I_{36}$ is the $36 \times 36$ identity matrix, $v$ is an element in the group matrix ring $M_3(\mathbb{F}_2)G$ and $G$ is a finite group of order 12, which we then employ together with the the virus optimization algorithm and the genetic algorithm to search for extremal binary self-dual codes of length 72. We obtain t…
In this note we investigate extremal singly-even self-dual codes with minimal shadow. For particular parameters we prove non-existence of such codes. By a result of Rains \cite{Rains-asymptotic}, the length of extremal singly-even self-dual codes is bounded. We give explicit bounds in case the shadow is minimal.
Let C be a binary self-dual code with an automorphism g of order 2p, where p is an odd prime, such that g^p is a fixed point free involution. If C is extremal of length a multiple of 24 all the involutions are fixed point free, except the Golay Code and eventually putative codes of length 120. Connecting module theoretical properties of a self-dual code C with coding theoretical ones of the subcode C(g^p) which consists of the set of fixed points of g^p, we prove that C is a projective F_2<g>-module if and only if a natural projection of C(g^p) is a self-dual code. We then discuss easy to hand…
As far as we know, there is no decoding algorithm of any binary self-dual $[40, 20, 8]$ code except for the syndrome decoding applied to the code directly. This syndrome decoding for a binary self-dual $[40,20,8]$ code is not efficient in the sense that it cannot be done by hand due to a large syndrome table. The purpose of this paper is to give two new efficient decoding algorithms for an extremal binary doubly-even self-dual $[40,20, 8]$ code $C_{40,1}^{DE}$ by hand with the help of a Hermitian self-dual $[10,5,4]$ code $E_{10}$ over $GF(4)$. The main idea of this decoding is to project code…
In this work, extension theorems are generalized to self-dual codes over rings and as applications many new binary self-dual extremal codes are found from self-dual codes over F_2^m+uF_2^m for m = 1, 2. The duality and distance preserving Gray maps from F4 +uF4 to (F_2 +uF_2)^2 and (F_4)^2 are used to obtain self-dual codes whose binary Gray images are [64,32,12]-extremal self-dual. An F_2+uF_2-extension is used and as binary images, 178 extremal binary self-dual codes of length 68 with new weight enumerators are obtained. Especially the first examples of codes with gamma=3 and many codes with…
A storage code over a graph maps $K$ independent source symbols, each of $L_w$ bits, to $N$ coded symbols, each of $L_v$ bits, such that each coded symbol is stored in a node of the graph and each edge of the graph is associated with one source symbol. From a pair of nodes connected by an edge, the source symbol that is associated with the edge can be decoded. The ratio $L_w/L_v$ is called the symbol rate of a storage code and the highest symbol rate is called the capacity. We show that the three highest capacity values of storage codes over graphs are $2, 3/2, 4/3$. We characterize all graphs…
In this paper, a new search technique based on the virus optimisation algorithm is proposed for calculating the neighbours of binary self-dual codes. The aim of this new technique is to calculate neighbours of self-dual codes without reducing the search field in the search process (this is a known in the literature approach due to the computational time constraint) but still obtaining results in a reasonable time (significantly faster when compared to the standard linear computational search). We employ this new search algorithm to the well-known neighbour method and its extension, the $k^{th}…
