Volker Ziemann
We describe a racetrack-shaped ring in which the cross-plane coupling can be continuously varied between an uncoupled configuration to a Möbius configuration, where the transverse planes change role after one turn. Tunes, emittances, and other beam parameters that depend on the emission of synchrotron radiation are calculated as a function of the coupling.
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In ring-ring colliders, the collision frequency determines the bunch structures, e.g. the time between the bunches in both rings should be identical. Because of relatively low relativistic speed of the hadron beam in sub-TeV hadron-hadron- and electron-ions-colliders, scanning the hadron beam's energy would require either a change in the circumference of one of the rings, or a switching of the bunch (harmonic) number in a ring. The later would cause so-called 'gear-changing', i.e. the change of the colliding bunches turn by turn. In this article, we study the difficulties in beam dynamics in t…
Physics of enhanced optical cooling of particle beams in storage rings, nonlinear features of cooling and requirements to ring lattices, optical and laser systems are discussed
The problem of enhanced optical cooling (EOC) of particle beams in storage rings beyond the Robinson's damping criterion is discussed.
I describe a new scheme for selectively isolating high density low longitudinal emittance beam particles in a storage ring from the rest of the beam without emittance dilution. I discuss the general principle of the method, called longitudinal momentum mining, beam dynamics simulations and results of beam experiments. Multi-particle beam dynamics simulations applied to the Fermilab 8 GeV Recycler (a storage ring) convincingly validate the concepts and feasibility of the method, which I have demonstrated with beam experiments in the Recycler. The method presented here is the first of its kind.
A new scheme for the two-dimensional cooling of ion beams in storage rings is suggested in which ions interact with a counterpropagating broad-band laser beam. The interaction region in the direction of the ion movement is much less then the wavelength of the ion betatron oscillations. The laser beam in the orbit plane has sharp flat edge directed to the ion beam and the width of the laser beam of the order of the ion beam width. Laser beam radial position is being displaced with some velocity at first from inside and then from outside to the ion beam and decreases both betatron and synchrotro…
We studied the coupled beam motion in a storage ring between the transverse and longitudinal directions introduced by crab cavities. Analytic form of the linear decoupling transformation is derived. The equilibrium bunch distribution in an electron storage ring with a crab cavity is given, including contribution to the eigen-emittance induced by the crab cavity. Application to the short pulse generation scheme using crab cavities is considered.
Halo distribution is a key topic for background study. This paper has developed an analytical method to give an estimation of ATF beam halo distribution. The equilibrium particle distribution of the beam tail in the ATF damping ring is calculated analytically with different emittance and different vacuum degree. The analytical results agree the measurements very well. This is a general method which can be applied to any electron rings.
The beam-beam effects of the PEP-II as an asymmetric collider are studied with strong-strong simulations using a newly developed particle-in-cell (PIC) code. The simulated luminosity agrees with the measured one within 10% in a large range of the beam currents. The spectra of coherent dipole oscillation are simulated with and without the transparency symmetry. The simulated tune shift of the coherent $π$ mode agrees with the linearized Vlasov theory even at large beam-beam parameters. The Poicare map of coherent dipole is used to identify the beam-beam resonances.
The Beta Beam, the concept of generating a pure and intense (anti) neutrino beam by letting accelerated radioactive ions beta decay in a storage ring called the Decay Ring (DR), is the basis of one of the proposed next generation neutrino oscillation facilities, necessary for a complete study of the neutrino oscillation parameter space. Sensitivities of the unknown neutrino oscillation parameters depend on the DR's ion intensity and of its duty factor (the filled ratio of the ring). Different methods, including analytical calculations and multiparticle tracking simulations, were used to estima…
We propose to optimize the nonlinear beam dynamics of existing and future storage rings with direct online optimization techniques. This approach may have crucial importance for the implementation of diffraction limited storage rings. In this paper considerations and algorithms for the online optimization approach are discussed. We have applied this approach to experimentally improve the dynamic aperture of the SPEAR3 storage ring with the robust conjugate direction search method and the particle swarm optimization method. The dynamic aperture was improved by more than 5 mm within a short peri…
In the SSRF Phase-II beamline project, a Superconducting Wiggler (SW) will be installed in the electron storage ring. It may greatly impact on the beam dynamics due to the very high magnetic field. The emittance growth becomes a main problem, even after a well correction of the beam optics. A local achromatic lattice is studied, in order to combat the emittance growth and keep the good performance of the SSRF storage ring, as well as possible. Other effects of the SW are simulated and optimized as well, including the beta beating, the tune shift, the dynamic aperture, and the field error effec…
Synchrotron radiation emitted by electrons passing through an undulator placed in a storage ring is decomposed in coherent modes. The case of ultimate storage rings where the electron emittance is comparable to the emittance of the photon fan is analyzed by means of the cross spectral density and the coherent mode spectrum. The proposed method permits naturally the statistical analysis and propagation of the cross spectral density along the beamline optics. The coherence properties of the X-ray beam at any point of the beamline are completely given in terms of the eigenvalues and coherent mode…
The Beam Loss Monitors (BLM) are designed to measure the position and amount of beam loss in accelerators. In this article, we have studied the 3 GeV electron losses in the storage ring and secondary particles from the losses on the beam pipe. We have compared ionization chamber, NaI and Si radiation detectors as BLM and selected Si detector for further studies. We have calculated electron deflection angle due to magnetic field mismatches in dipole magnets, quadrupoles and sextupoles and assumed that electron beam is deflected and hit the beam pipe with the angle of 3 degrees with respect to t…
The transfer line for beam extraction from the Recycler ring to P1 line provides a way to deliver 8 GeV kinetic energy protons from the Booster to the Delivery ring, via the Recycler, using existing beam transport lines, and without the need for new civil construction. It was designed in 2012. The kicker magnets at RR520 and the lambertson magnet at RR522 in the RR were installed in 2014 Summer Shutdown, the elements of RR to P1 Stub (permanent quads, trim quads, correctors, BPMs, the toroid at 703 and vertical bending dipole at V703 (ADCW) were installed in 2015 Summer Shutdown. On Tuesday, J…
A portion of the Muon g-2 Storage Ring electric system, which provides vertical beam focusing, exhibited an unexpected time dependence that produced a characteristic evolution of the stored beam during Run-1 of the Muon g-2 Experiment at Fermilab (E989). A method to reconstruct the Run-1 electric guide fields has been developed, which is based on a numerical model of the muon storage ring and optimization algorithms supported by COSY INFINITY. This method takes beam profile measurements from the Muon g-2 straw tracking detectors as input, and it produces a full reconstruction of the time-depen…
Application of electron cooling at ion energies above a few GeV has been limited due to reduction of electron cooling efficiency with energy and difficulty in producing and accelerating a high-current high-quality electron beam. A high-current storage-ring electron cooler offers a solution to both of these problems by maintaining high cooling beam quality through naturally-occurring synchrotron radiation damping of the electron beam. However, the range of ion energies where storage-ring electron cooling can be used has been limited by low electron beam damping rates at low ion energies and hig…
In this paper, we describe a harmonic kicker system used in the beam exchange scheme for the Circulator Cooling Ring (CCR) of the Jefferson Lab Electron Ion Collider(JLEIC). By delivering an ultra-fast deflecting kick, a kicker directs electron bunches selectively in/out of the CCR without degrading the beam dynamics of the CCR optimized for ion beam cooling. We will discuss the design principle of the kicker system and demonstrate its performance with various numerical simulations. In particular, the degrading effects of realistic harmonic kicks on the beam dynamics, such as 3D kick field pro…
To achieve the physics goals of future Linear Colliders, it is important that electron and positron beams are polarized. The positron source planned for the International Linear Collider (ILC) is based on a helical undulator system and can deliver a polarised beam with positron polarization of 60%. To ensure that no significant polarization is lost during the transport of the electron and positron beams from the source to the interaction region, spin tracking has to be included in all transport elements which can contribute to a loss of polarization. These are the positron source, the damping …
We suggest a new on-axis injection scheme that uses two deflecting cavities to remove the tilt of the stored beam, and to kick the injected beam into the ring. In this new injection scheme, an injected beam with a certain angle is overlaid on the stored beam position in transverse phase space through the second deflecting cavity. (Note that the injected beam has separated phase with the stored beam in longitudinal phase space). We present theoretical analysis and numerical simulations of the stored beam and injected beam with the new injection scheme.
As part of the R\&D for the 50 MeV ThomX Compton source project, we have studied the effect of several beam dynamics processes on the evolution of the beam in the ring. The processes studied include among others Compton scattering, intrabeam scattering, coherent synchrotron radiation. We have performed extensive simulations of a full injection/extraction cycle (400000 turns). We show how each of these processes degrades the flux of photons produced and how a feedback system contributes to recovering most of the flux.
Using Longitudinal Strong Focusing Principle to Lower Particle Beam Energy Spread Locally in a Storage Ring
本文提出利用纵向强聚焦原理在存储环中局部降低粒子束能量展宽，并通过可逆Echo SSMB在高功率EUV辐射生成中的应用示例展示了该方法的核心思想和主要贡献。
Ultimate storage rings (USRs), with electron emittance smaller than 100 pm.rad and on the scale of the diffraction limit for hard X-rays in both transverse planes, have the potential to deliver photons with much higher brightness and higher transverse coherence than that projected for the rings currently operational or under construction. Worldwide efforts have been made to design and to build light sources based on USRs. How to obtain a round beam, i.e. beam with equivalent transverse emittances, is an important topic in USR studies. In this paper, we show that a locally-round beam can be ach…
We propose a method to simultaneously correct linear optics errors and linear coupling for storage rings using turn-by-turn (TbT) beam position monitor (BPM) data. The independent component analysis (ICA) method is used to isolate the betatron normal modes from the measured TbT BPM data. The betatron amplitudes and phase advances of the projections of the normal modes on the horizontal and vertical planes are then extracted, which, combined with dispersion measurement, are used to fit the lattice model. The fitting results are used for lattice correction. The method has been successfully demon…
Beam dynamics performance of the proposed PETRA IV storage ring
针对PETRA IV同步辐射升级项目的设计收尾阶段，研究提出基于H6BA单元的储存环磁聚焦结构，评估其束流动力学性能，并探讨大尺寸低发射度环的设计挑战与机遇。
The lattice of laser-electron storage ring with controlled momentum compaction factor dedicated to generation of intense X-rays under Compton scattering is described. In such storage ring one can achieve the large energy acceptance and keep the long-term stable motion of electron beam with large energy spread. The intensity of X-rays may be very stable due to using of electron beam with steady-state parameters for Compton scattering. Parameters of the storage ring, electron beam and X-rays obtained by electron beam dynamics simulation involving Compton scattering are presented.
The High-Energy Storage Ring (HESR) of the future International Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at GSI in Darmstadt is planned as an antiproton synchrotron and storage ring in the momentum range from 1.5 to 15 GeV/c. An important feature of this new facility is the combination of phase space cooled beams with dense internal targets (e.g. pellet targets), resulting in demanding beam parameter of two operation modes: high luminosity mode with peak luminosities up to 2*10^32 cm-2 s-1, and high resolution mode with a momentum spread down to 10^-5, respectively. To reach these beam …
Conceptual Design of a Low-Energy Ion Beam Storage Ring and a Recoil Separator to Study Radiative Neutron Capture by Radioactive Ions
本文提出了一种低能离子存储环及回收分离器的概念设计，用于通过离子光学计算和粒子跟踪模拟研究放射性离子的辐射中子捕获反应。
In this Letter, I report on a novel scheme for beam stacking without any beam emittance dilution using a barrier rf system in synchrotrons. The general principle of the scheme called longitudinal phase-space coating, validation of the concept via multi-particle beam dynamics simulations applied to the Fermilab Recycler, and its experimental demonstration are presented. In addition, it has been shown and illustrated that the rf gymnastics involved in this scheme can be used in measuring the incoherent synchrotron tune spectrum of the beam in barrier buckets and in producing a clean hollow beam …
The equations of classical spin-orbit motion can be extended to a Hamiltonian system in 9-dimensional phase space by introducing a coupled spin-orbit Poisson bracket and a Hamiltonian function. After this extension and by establishing connections between initial and extended systems it becomes possible to apply the methods of the theory of Hamiltonian systems to the study of polarized particle beam dynamics in circular accelerators and storage rings. Some of those methods have been implemented in the computer code FORGET-ME-NOT.
Designing linear lattices for round beam in electron storage rings using the solution by linear matrices analysis
本文提出使用线性矩阵分析方法设计电子存储环中的圆束晶格，通过分析束流尺寸和耦合效应，改进传统方法的局限性。
To further study neutrino oscillation properties a Beta Beam facility has been proposed. Beta decaying ions with high kinetic energy are stored in a storage ring ("Decay Ring") with straight sections to create pure focused (anti) electron neutrino beams. However to reach high sensitivity to neutrino oscillation parameters in the experiment the bunched beam intensity and duty cycle in the DR have to be optimized. The first CERN-based scenario, using 6He and 18Ne as neutrino sources, has been studied using a bunch merging RF scheme. Two RF cavities at different frequencies are used to capture ne…
A previous publication has shown that the in-plane polarization (IPP) component of a polarized 0.97-GeV/c deuteron beam in the COSY storage ring may acquire a polarization half-life in excess of 1000 s through a combination of beam bunching, electron cooling (prior to any spin manipulation), sextupole field adjustment, and a limitation of the beam intensity. This paper documents further tests pointing to additional gains in the IPP lifetime if cooling is active throughout the beam store.
Beta Beam,the concept of generating a pure and intense (anti) neutrino beam by letting accelerated radioactive ions beta decay in a storage ring, called Decay Ring (DR), is the base of one of the proposed next generation neutrino oscillation facilities, necessary for a complete study of the neutrino oscillation parameter space. Sensitivities of the unknown neutrino oscillation parameters depend on the Decay Ring's ion intensity and of it's duty factor (the filled ratio of the ring). Therefore efficient ion production, stripping, bunching, acceleration and storing are crucial sub-projects under…
We introduce a new application of measuring symplectic generators to characterize and control the linear betatron coupling in storage rings. From synchronized and consecutive BPM (Beam Position Monitor) turn-by-turn (TbT) readings, symplectic Lie generators describing the coupled linear dynamics are extracted. Four plane-crossing terms in the generators directly characterize the coupling between the horizontal and the vertical planes. Coupling control can be accomplished by utilizing the dependency of these plane-crossing terms on skew quadrupoles. The method has been successfully demonstrated…
The brightness of the antiproton beam in Fermilab's 8 GeV Recycler ring is limited by a transverse instability. This instability has occurred during the extraction process to the Tevatron for large stacks of antiprotons even with dampers in operation. This paper describes observed features of the instability, introduces the threshold phase density to characterize the beam stability, and finds the results to be in agreement with a resistive wall instability model. Effective exclusion of the longitudinal tails from Landau damping by decreasing the depth of the RF potential well is observed to lo…
An on-axis injection scheme using a double-frequency RF system in a storage ring with small dynamic aperture is proposed. By altering RF voltages, empty RF buckets can be created which will be used for on-axis injection. After bunches are injected, a reverse RF voltage altering process is performed and the injected bunches can be longitudinally dumped to the main RF buckets. The scheme allows reaping the advantages of the on-axis injection while still performing accumulation.
Turkish Accelerator Center) project is aimed to build an accelerator center in Turkey. The first step of the project is to construct IR-FEL facility. The second stage is to build a synchrotron radiation facility named TURKAY, which is the third generation synchrotron radiation light source that aimed to achieve high brilliance photon beam from low emittance electron beam at 3 GeV. The electron beam parameters highly depend on the magnetic lattice of the storage ring. In this paper a low emittance storage ring for TURKAY is proposed and beam dynamic properties of the magnetic lattice are invest…
The current designs of future electron-positron linear colliders incorporate large and complex damping rings to produce asymmetric beams for beamstrahlung suppression. Here we present the design of an electron injector capable of delivering flat electron beams with phase-space partition comparable to the electron-beam parameters produced downstream of the damping ring in the proposed international linear collider (ILC) design. Our design does not employ a damping ring but is instead based on cross-plane phase-space-manipulation techniques. The performance of the proposed configuration, its sen…
Experiments with low energy ion beam transport into toroidal magnetic fields
本文报告了法兰克福大学设计的仿星器型低能离子存储环中，束流在环形磁场中输运实验的新结果，并讨论了系统的输运与横向注入特性。
A document has recently been posted on the arXiv [1], describing analytical formulas and results of particle tracking simulations, for precision tests of numerical integration algorithms for an EDM (electric dipole moment) storage ring. In the context of an all-electric storage ring, the authors cite theoretical formulas by Orlov [2]. However, the reference to Orlov is to a talk at a workshop in 2012, and is unpublished and difficult for independent researchers to access and validate. This note rederives and generalizes some of Orlov's principal results, using a Hamiltonian formalism, and also…
Methods of particle beam cooling are reviewed.
Cooling methods are discussed in reference to the electron-positron, ion and muon beams.
Turn-By-Turn (TBT) betatron oscillation data is a very powerful tool in studying machine optics. Hundreds and thousands of turns of free oscillations are taken in just few tens of milliseconds. With beam covering all positions and angles at every location TBT data can be used to diagnose focusing errors almost instantly. This paper describes a new approach that observes focusing error collectively over all available TBT data to find the optimized quadrupole strength, one location at a time. Example will be shown and other issues will be discussed.
KEK electron linac was upgraded to 8 GeV for the KEK B-Factory (KEKB) project. During the commissioning of the upgraded linac, even continuing SOR ring injections, we had achieved a primary electron beam with 10-nC (6.24 x 10^10) per bunch up to 3.7-GeV for positron generation. This could be classified as one of the brightest S-band linac's. Since the KEKB rings were completed in December 1998, those 3.5-GeV position and 8-GeV electron beams have been injected with an excellent performance. Moreover, we have succeeded in switching among the high-intensity beams for KEKB and beams for two SOR r…
We give an overview of our current/future analytical and numerical work on the spin polarization in high-energy electron storage rings. Our goal is to study the possibility of polarization for the CEPC and FCC-ee. Our work is based on the so-called Bloch equation for the polarization density introduced by Derbenev and Kondratenko in 1975. We also give an outline of the standard approach, the latter being based on the Derbenev-Kondratenko formulas.
The ions produced via collisional ionization of the residual gas molecules in vacuum pipe with the circulating electron beam have deleterious effect on the beam properties and may become a limiting factor for the machine's performance. For the electron damping ring of the International Linear Collider (ILC), the ion instability is noticeable due to the ultra-low beam emittance with many bunches operation. In this paper, the different beam fill patterns are investigated and their effects on the fast ion instability are discussed. The simulations show that the mini train fill patterns can reduce…
Laser cooling of nuclear beams in storage rings is discussed. The main properties of nuclei with isomeric levels in the range E<50 keV are presented.
With the recently emerging global interest in building a next generation of circular electron-positron colliders to study the properties of the Higgs boson, and other important topics in particle physics at ultra-high beam energies, it is also important to pursue the possibility of implementing polarized beams at this energy scale. It is therefore necessary to set up simulation tools to evaluate the beam polarization at these ultra-high beam energies. In this paper, a Monte-Carlo simulation of the equilibrium beam polarization based on the Polymorphic Tracking Code(PTC) (Schmidt et al., 2002 […
Methods of enhanced laser cooling of particle beams in storage rings and Robinson's damping criterion are discussed. The dynamics of amplitudes of betatron oscillations and instantaneous orbits of electrons interacting with laser beams being displaced in the radial direction is investigated.
The neutrino beam produced from muons decaying in a storage ring would be an ideal tool for precise neutrino cross section measurements and the search for sterile neutrinos due to its precisely known flavour content and spectrum. In the proposed nuSTORM facility, pions would be directly injected into a racetrack storage ring, where the circulating muon beam would be captured. In this paper we show that a muon decay ring based on a racetrack scaling FFAG (Fixed Field Alternating Gradient) with triplet focusing structures is a very promising option with potential advantages over the FODO based s…
An intense circularely polarised photon beam interacts with a cooled antiproton beam in a storage ring. Due to spin dependent absorption cross sections for the reaction gamma+antiproton > pi- + antineutron a built-up of polarisation of the stored antiprotons takes place. Figures-of-merit around 0.1 can be reached in principle over a wide range of antiproton energies. In this process antineutrons with Polarisation > 70% emerge. The method is presented for the case of 300 MeV/c cooled antiproton beam.
Energy recovery linacs have been studied and developed over a number of decades. In the standard arrangement there is a separate particle source and particle beam dump. In this paper, a new arrangement is explored where the energy recovery linac is used as an energy source in a storage ring which has multiple beam energies. Several interesting topologies for the multiple beam energies are shown schematically. Possible energy equilibria with and without radiation damping are discussed. This idea may have applications to the problem of electron cooling.
Simulation study of intra-beam scattering effect in the HALF storage ring with Piwinski model
本文针对HALF储存环的束内散射（IBS）问题，开发了基于Piwinski模型和Monte Carlo采样的IMPACT代码IBS模块，经基准测试验证后用于研究HALF中的IBS效应，表明通过对策可将预期束流发射度控制在约59 pm.rad。
The neutrino beam produced from muons decaying in a storage ring would be an ideal tool for precise neutrino cross section measurements and search for sterile neutrinos due to its precisely known flavour content and spectrum. In the proposed nuSTORM facility pions would be directly injected into a racetrack storage ring, where circulating muon beam would be captured. The storage ring has two options: a FODO solution with large aperture quadrupoles and a racetrack FFAG (Fixed Field Alternating Gradient) using the recent developments in FFAGs. Machine parameters, linear optics design and beam dy…
We report on an injection feedback scheme for the ThomX storage ring project. ThomX is a 50-MeV-electron accelerator prototype which will use Compton backscattering in a storage ring to generate a high flux of hard X-rays. Given the slow beam damping (in the ring), the injection must be performed with high accuracy to avoid large betatron oscillations. A homemade analytic code is used to compute the corrections that need to be applied before the beam injection to achieve a beam position accuracy of a few hundred micrometers in the first beam position monitors (BPMs). In order to do so the code…
This report presents bunch length and energy spread measurements performed in April 2000 at the ATF Damping Ring, at KEK. Measurements were performed with the beam on and then off the linear (difference) coupling resonance. Due to strong intra-beam scattering in the ATF ring, the results depended strongly on the coupling.
Limits of applicability of the Robinson's damping criterion and the problem of enhanced cooling of particle beams in storage rings beyond the criterion are discussed.
Beam Optics Ramping in Under-Constrained Lattice Design: Application to Electron-Ion Collider Hadron Storage Ring Cooling Section
本文针对电子-离子对撞机强子储存环冷却段中可调旋钮多于束流光学约束导致的注入与顶能光学解不连通问题，提出了中点惩罚方案和自上而下自适应加权方法，确保渐变路径连续并满足所有约束，为欠约束系统提供了通用渐变策略。
The Storage Ring at the Advanced Light Source is capable of being filled in selectable buckets. Typically, 276 consecutive buckets out of 328 possible are selected. It has been found that the amount of charge injected is not uniform bucket-to-bucket, sometimes varying by 100% or more. This variability causes problems with beam stability, and it may shorten the beam lifetime. We have devised a feedback system that allows for beam filling in an orderly manner, yielding bunch heights uniform to within 17%. At fill time, multiple bunches are injected into the Storage ring first, then, using feedba…
We investigate influence on the storage ring beam dynamics of the coherent Synchrotron Radiation (SR) self fields produced by an electron bunch. We show that the maximum energy gain in the RF cavity must far exceed the energy loss of electrons due to the coherent SR.
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