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arXiv 2111.04553math.DS
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不可逆线性差分方程的指数二分性

Exponential Dichotomy for Noninvertible Linear Difference Equations

F. Battelli, M. Franca, K. J. Palmer

摘要:

本文研究有限维不可逆线性差分方程的指数二分性。在给出定义后,我们研究了二分法中投影$P(k)$唯一的程度。对于$\mathbb{Z}$上的方程,它是唯一的,但对于$\mathbb{Z}_+$上的方程,只有它的范围是唯一的,而对于$\mathbb{Z}_-$,只有它的零空间是唯一的。在这里,我们加强Kalkbrenner的结果,并给出了一个完整的表征所有可能的预测。接下来,我们研究将二分法扩展到更大区间的可能性。我们重现了P”otzsche的结果,但也精确地显示了原始投影保持不变的情况。接下来,我们证明了粗糙度定理,众所周知的加法扰动,乘法扰动也成立。证明使用了周、陆、张的思想。最后,继Ducrot,Magal和Seydi,我们提到帕尔默的结果有限时间条件二分法的可逆的情况下,可以扩展到不可逆的情况。

英文摘要:

In this article we study exponential dichotomies for noninvertible linear difference equations in finite dimensions. After giving the definition, we study the extent to which the projection $P(k)$ in a dichotomy is unique. For equations on $\mathbb{Z}$ it is unique but for equations on $\mathbb{Z}_+$ only its range is unique and for $\mathbb{Z}_-$ only its nullspace. Here we strengthen Kalkbrenner's results and give a complete characterization of all possible projections. Next we study the possibility of extending the dichotomy to a larger interval. We reproduce the results of P\" otzsche but also show exactly when the original projection remains unchanged. Next we prove that the roughness theorem, well known for additive perturbations, holds for multiplicative perturbations also. The proof uses ideas of Zhou, Lu and Zhang. Finally, following Ducrot, Magal and Seydi, we mention that the results by Palmer on finite time conditions on dichotomy for the invertible case can be extended to the noninvertible case.

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