PandaX-4T is a dark matter direct detection experiment located in China jinping underground laboratory. The central apparatus is a dual-phase xenon detector containing 4 ton liquid xenon in the sensitive volume, with about 500 photomultipliers instrumented in the top and the bottom of the detector. In this paper we present a completely new system of readout electronics and data acquisition in the PandaX-4T experiment. Compared to the one used in the previous PandaX dark matter experiments, the new system features triggerless readout and higher bandwidth. With triggerless readout, dark matter searches are not affected by the efficiency loss of external triggers. The system records single photelectron signals of the dominant PMTs with an average efficiency of 96\%, and achieves the bandwidth of more than 450 MB/s. The system has been used to successfully acquire data during the commissioning runs of PandaX-4T.
Waveform digitizers are key readout instruments in particle physics experiments. In this paper, we present a waveform digitizer for the PandaX dark matter experiments. It supports both external-trigger readout and triggerless readout, accommodating the needs of low rate full-waveform readout and channel-independent low threshold acquisition, respectively. This digitizer is a 8-channel VME board with a sampling rate of 500 MS/s and 14-bit resolution for each channel. A digitizer system consisting of 72 channels has been tested in situ of the PandaX-4T experiment. We report the system performanc…
The PandaX project consists of a series of xenon-based experiments that are used to search for dark matter (DM) particles and to study the fundamental properties of neutrinos. The next DM experiment PandaX-4T will be using 4 ton liquid xenon in the sensitive volume, which is nearly a factor of seven larger than that of the previous experiment PandaX-II. Due to the increasing target mass, the sensitivity of searching for both DM and neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0νββ$) signals in the same detector will be significantly improved. However, the typical energy of interest for $0νββ$ signals is a…
We describe the electronics and data acquisition system used in the first phase of the PandaX experiment -- a 120 kg dual-phase liquid xenon dark matter direct detection experiment in the China Jin-Ping Underground Laboratory. This system utilized 180 channels of commercial flash ADC waveform digitizers. This system achieved low trigger threshold ($<$1 keV electron-equivalent energy) and low deadtime data acquistion during the entire experimental run.
The PandaX-III experiment uses a high pressure xenon gas TPC to search for the NLDBD of $^{136}$Xe. The Microbulk Micromegas will be used for charge amplification and readout in order to record both the energy and track of an event with high energy resolution and spatial resolution. In the first phase of the experiment, we are building a detector which contains 140 kg 90\% $^{136}$Xe enriched gas operated at 10 bar. The detector will be installed in a dry shielding system at CJPL-II. In this paper, we wil report the design of the PandaX-III detector, including the shielding of the experiment a…
PandaX-II experiment is a dark matter direct detection experiment using about half-ton of liquid xenon as the sensitive target. The electrical pulses detected by photomultiplier tubes from scintillation photons of xenon are recorded by waveform digitizers. The data acquisition of Pandax-II relies on a trigger system that generates common trigger signals for all waveform digitizers. Previously an analog device-based trigger system was used for the data acquisition system. In this paper we present a new FPGA-based trigger system. The design of this system and trigger algorithms are described. Th…
The PandaX-III experiment plans to search for neutrinoless double beta decay (0$νββ$) of $^{136}$Xe in the China JinPing underground Laboratory (CJPL). The experiment will use a high pressure gaseous Time Projection Chamber (TPC) to register both the energy and the electron track topology of an event. This article is devoted to the software side of the experiment. As software tool we use REST, a framework developed for the reconstruction and simulation of TPC-based detector systems. We study the potential for background reduction by introducing appropiate parameters based on the properties of …
The Particle And Astrophysical Xenon Experiment III (PandaX-III) is an experiment to search for the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (NLDBD) using 200 kg radio-pure high-pressure gaseous xenon TPC with Micromegas detectors at both ends and cathode in the middle. A small-scale TPC equipped with 7 Microbulk Micromegas detectors is developed as the prototype detector. 128 channels are readout following an X-Y design with strips of 3 mm pitch (64 channels each direction) from one Micromegas module. Highly integrated front-end electronics composed of 4 front-end cards with 1024 readout channels is de…
The PandaX-III (Particle And Astrophysical Xenon Experiment III) experiment will search for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (NLDBD) of 136Xe at the China Jin-Ping underground Laboratory II (CJPL-II). In the first phase of the experiment, a high pressure gas Time Projection Chamber (TPC) will contain 200 kg, 90% 136Xe enriched gas operated at 10 bar. Microbulk Micromegas, a fine pitch micro-pattern gas detector, will be used for charge readout and enable us to reconstruct tracks of NLDBD events with good energy and spatial resolution. With simulation, we demonstrate excellent background suppress…
At the China Jinping Underground Laboratory, the Particle AND Astrophysical Xenon phase IV (PandaX-4ton) in planning is a dark matter direct detection experiment with dual-phase xenon detector as an upgrade of the second phase of the experiment, PandaX-II. In this paper, the prototype of the front-end electronics of PandaX-4ton is presented. The front-end electronics consist of the high-gain preamplifier cards and the eight-channel digitizers with 14-bit resolution and 1 GSps sampling rate for waveform digitization. The clock synchronization circuit within the digitizer is well-designed to ali…
A MIDAS-based Data Acquisition System for Gaseous Detectors
INPAC and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学物理与天文学院）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute（上海交通大学四川研究院）；SPEIT (SJTU-Paris Elite Institute of Technology), Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学巴黎精英高等研究院）；School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University（中山大学物理学院）
We have assembled a small-scale streaming data acquisition system based on the SAMPA front-end ASIC. We report on measurements performed on the SAMPA chip and preliminary cosmic ray data acquired from a Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector read out using the SAMPA.
Liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) have been proposed as neutrino detectors that combine both large sizes to maximize the number of neutrino interactions and detailed recording of the interaction. The readout of thousands of channels at MHz sampling rates produce images of the neutrino-nucleus interaction with millimeter-scale resolution, enabling the identification of the resulting particles and offering multiple handles to measure their energies at the expense of large data rates. Continuous acquisition of the LArTPC data is required to enable the use of high-latency triggers fo…
The search for the neutrinoless double beta decay (0$νββ$) is one of the most important quests nowadays in neutrino physics. Among the different techniques used, high pressure xenon (HPXe) gas time projection chambers (TPC) stand out because they allow to image the topology of the 0$νββ$ event (one straggling track ending in two blobs), and use it to discriminate signal from background events. Recent results with microbulk Micromegas in Xe + trimethylamine (TMA) mixtures show high promise in terms of gain, stability of operation, and energy resolution at high pressures (up to 10 bar). The addi…
A new prototype wireless data acquisition system has been developed with the intended application to read-out instrumentation systems having a large number of channels. In addition such system could be deployed in smaller detectors requiring increased mobility. The data acquisition and control system is based on 802.11n compliant hardware and protocols. In this paper we describe our case study with a single readout channel performed for a potential large detector containing photomultiplier tubes. The front-end circuitry, including a high-voltage power supply is powered wirelessly thus creating…
Searching for the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (NLDBD) is now regarded as the topmost promising technique to explore the nature of neutrinos after the discovery of neutrino masses in oscillation experiments. PandaX-III (Particle And Astrophysical Xenon Experiment III) will search for the NLDBD of $^{136}$Xe at the China Jin Ping underground Laboratory (CJPL). In the first phase of the experiment, a high pressure gas Time Projection Chamber (TPC) will contain 200 kg, 90% $^{136}$Xe enriched gas operated at 10 bar. Fine pitch micro-pattern gas detector (Microbulk Micromegas) will be used at bo…
AURORA: A High Performance Software DAQ Framework for Next-Generation Rare-Event Search Experiments
School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学物理与天文学院）；Department of Physics, Tsinghua University（清华大学物理系）；State Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学汤川研究所暗物质物理国家重点实验室）；New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学汤川研究所新基石科学实验室）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute（上海交通大学四川研究院）
The RD53 collaboration is currently designing a large scale prototype pixel readout chip in 65 nm CMOS technology for the phase 2 upgrades at the HL-LHC. The RD53A chip will be available by the end of the year 2017 and will be extensively tested to confirm if the circuit and the architecture make a solid foundation for the final pixel readout chips for the experiments at the HL-LHC. A test and data acquisition system for the RD53A chip is currently under development to perform single-chip and multi-chip module measurements. In addition, the verification of the RD53A design is performed in a de…
In this paper we describe the design, construction, and operation of a first large area double-phase liquid argon Large Electron Multiplier Time Projection Chamber (LAr LEM-TPC). The detector has a maximum drift length of 60 cm and the readout consists of a $40\times 76$ cm$^2$ LEM and 2D projective anode to multiply and collect drifting charges. Scintillation light is detected by means of cryogenic PMTs positioned below the cathode. To record both charge and light signals, we have developed a compact acquisition system, which is scalable up to ton-scale detectors with thousands of charge read…
The CDEX (China Dark matter Experiment) is currently in the stage to upgrade to approximately 10 kg HPGe (High Purity Germanium) detectors (CDEX-10) in CJPL (China Jinping Underground Laboratory) and aims to detect the WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles). Six analog signals and one inhibited signal are outputted from preamplifier by one HPGe detector (~1 kg) of CDEX-10. The analog signals are conditioned with two 6-us and one 12-us shaping amplifiers, and three timing amplifiers respectively. The inhibited signal is used for trigger. The analog signals from shaping and timing amplifier…
BaF2 (Barium fluoride) detector is one of the experiment facilities at the under construction CSNS-WNS (White Neutron Source at China Spallation Neutron Source). It is designed for precisely measuring (n,gamma) cross section with total 92 crystal elements and completely 4 pi steradian coverage. In this proposal for readout electronics, waveform digitizing technique with 1GSps sampling rate and 12-bit resolution is adopted to precisely capture the detector signal. To solve the problem of massive data readout and processing, the readout electronics system is designed into a distributed architect…
We are developing a new readout board with a newer generation field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and the 10-gigabit ethernet to improve the performance and usability of the current readout board based on the 1-gigabit Ethernet. In this new readout board, the SiTCP-XG network processor supporting 10-gigabit Ethernet was implemented. SiTCP is a network processor circuit running on FPGA, and SiTCP-XG is the newly developed version of the SiTCP that supports 10-gigabit Ethernet. Before developing the new board, we constructed a prototype system using the Xilinx FPGA evaluation board KC705 to eva…
PymePix is a new Python 3 library that provides control and acquisition for the Timepix3-SPIDR hardware. The rich set of data-structures and intuitive routines reduces time and coding effort to quickly configure, acquire, and visualize data from Timepix3. The highly extensible high-performance data-pipeline allows for alteration of the Timepix3 datastream into a form that is convinient for the user. This library is intended to be easily inserted into a standard scientific software stack as well as to allow for more direct interaction of Timepix3 with interactive flavors of Python. Included wit…
The Minos+ experiment is an extension of the Minos experiment at a higher energy and more intense neutrino beam, with the data collection having begun in the fall of 2013. The neutrino beam is provided by the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) beam-line at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). The detector apparatus consists of two main detectors, one underground at Fermilab and the other in Soudan, Minnesota with the purpose of studying neutrino oscillations at a base line of 735 km. The original data acquisition system has been running for several years collecting data from …
A front-end readout electronics system has been developed for silicon strip detectors. The system uses an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) ATHED to realize multi-channel E&T measurement. The slow control of ASIC chips is achieved by parallel port and the timing control signals of ASIC chips are provided by the CPLD. The data acquisition is implemented with a PXI-DAQ card. The system software has a user-friendly GUI which uses LabWindows/CVI in Windows XP operating system. Test results showed that the energy resolution is about 1.22 % for alphas at 5.48 MeV and the maximum channel…
The KM2A(one kilometer square extensive air shower array) is the largest detector array in the LHAA- SO(Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory) project. The KM2A consists of 5635 EDs(Electromagnetic particle Detectors) and 1221 MDs(Muon Detectors). The EDs are distributed and exposed in the wild. Two channels, Anode and Dynode, are employed for the PMT(photomultiplier tube) signal readout. The readout electronics proposed in this paper aims at the accurate charge and arrival time measurement of the PMT signals, which cover a large amplitude range from 20P.E(photoelectrons) to 2x10^5 P.E. B…
Optical readout of GEM based devices by means of high granularity and low noise CMOS sensors allows to obtain very interesting tracking performance. Space resolution of the order of tens of $μ$m were measured on the GEM plane along with an energy resolution of 20%$÷$30%. The main limitation of CMOS sensors is represented by their poor information about time structure of the event. In this paper, the use of a concurrent light readout by means of a suitable photomultiplier and the acquisition of the electric signal induced on the GEM electrode are exploited to provide the necessary timing inform…
The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment will investigate the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase diagram at high net baryon densities and moderate temperatures. CBM Time of Flight (TOF) system is composed of super modules containing high performance Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPCs). During the mass production, each super module assembled with MRPCs needs quality evaluation, which includes time measurement and data readout. Read out electronics encounter the challenge of reading data from a super module at a speed of about 6 Gbps. In this paper, a read out method based on Perip…
An effort is underway to develop streaming readout data acquisition system for the CLAS12 detector in Jefferson Lab's experimental Hall-B. Successful beam tests were performed in the spring and summer of 2020 using a 10GeV electron beam from Jefferson Lab's CEBAF accelerator. The prototype system combined elements of the TriDAS and CODA data acquisition systems with the JANA2 analysis/reconstruction framework. This successfully merged components that included an FPGA stream source, a distributed hit processing system, and software plugins that allowed offline analysis written in C++ to be used…
This paper presents the design and implementation of the front-end electronics and the data acquisition (DAQ) system for readout of multi-wire drift chambers (MWDC). Apart of the conventional drift time measurement the system delivers the hit position along the wire utilizing the charge division technique. The system consists of preamplifiers, and analog and digital boards sending data to a back-end computer via an Ethernet interface. The data logging software formats the received data and enables an easy access to the data analysis software. The use of specially designed preamplifiers and pea…
The Time-Of-Propagation detector is a Cherenkov particle identification detector based on quartz radiator bars for the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider. The purpose of the detector is to identify the type of charged hadrons produced in electron-positron collisions, and requires a single photon timing resolution below 100 picoseconds. A novel front-end electronic system was designed, built, and integrated to acquire data from the 8192 microchannel plate photomultiplier tube channels in the detector. Waveform sampling of these analog signals is done by switched-cap…
The achievable acquisition rates of modern triggered nuclear physics experiments are heavily dependent on the readout software, in addition to the limits given by the utilized hardware. This paper presents an asynchronous readout scheme that significantly improves the livetime of an otherwise synchronous triggered VME-based data acquisition system. A detailed performance analysis of this and other readout schemes, in terms of the basic data transfer operations, is described. The performance of the newly developed scheme as well as synchronous schemes on two systems has been measured. The measu…
The integrated low-level trigger and data acquisition (TDAQ) system of the NA62 experiment at CERN is described. The requirements of a large and fast data reduction in a high-rate environment for a medium-scale, distributed ensemble of many different sub-detectors led to the concept of a fully digital integrated system with good scaling capabilities. The NA62 TDAQ system is rather unique in allowing full flexibility on this scale, allowing in principle any information available from the detector to be used for triggering. The design concept, implementation and performances from the first years…
In Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), proton beam is used to hit metal tungsten target, and then high flux neutrons are generated for experiments on instruments. For neutron flux spectrum correction, boron-coated GEM, lithium glass and 3He are used as neutron beam monitor in instruments. To be integrated into neutron instrument control, a new DAQ software for neutron beam monitor is developed, called NEROS (Neutron Event Readout System). NEROS is based on EPICS V4 and a unified data format for CSNS neutron beam monitor is defined. The framework and software design of NEROS is introduced…
The operation at the Z-pole of the FCC-ee machine will deliver the highest possible instantaneous luminosities with the goal of collecting the largest Z boson datasets (Tera-Z), and enable a programme of Standard Model physics studies with unprecedented precision. The data acquisition and trigger systems of the FCC-ee experiments must be designed to be as unbiased and robust as possible, with the goal of containing the systematic uncertainties associated with these datasets at the smallest possible level, in order to not compromise the extremely small statistical uncertainties. In designing th…
Migration of Belle II TOP Feature Extraction from the Zynq Processing System to PCIe40 Readout PCs
University of Hawaii at Manoa（夏威夷大学马诺阿分校）；Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility（托马斯·杰斐逊国家加速器设施）；University of Cincinnati（辛辛那提大学）；University of Pittsburgh（匹兹堡大学）；Jožef Stefan Institute（约瑟夫·斯特凡研究所）；High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)（高能加速器研究机构）
本文将Belle II TOP探测器的波形特征提取从辐射环境中的Zynq PS迁移至探测器外的PCIe40 ROPC，消除了PS锁死问题，使TOP死时间降至近零，在高触发率下实现稳定运行并保持PID性能。
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is one detector of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). TileCal is a sampling calorimeter made of steel plates and plastic scintillators which are readout using approximately 10,000 PhotoMultipliers Tubes (PMTs). In 2024, the LHC will undergo a series of upgrades towards a High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) to deliver up to 7.5 times the current nominal instantaneous luminosity. The ATLAS Tile Phase II Upgrade will accommodate detector and Data AcQuisition (DAQ) system to the HL-LHC requirements. The detector electronics will be redesigned using a n…
The time-of-flight (TOF) system in the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment is composed of super modules based on multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) for high-denseness, high-resolution time measurement. In order to evaluate the quality of detectors during the mass production, a distributed data readout system is developed to meet with the high data rate of 6.4Gbps, and a related data acquisition (DAQ) software is implemented under Linux operating system to test and verify the feasibility of the distributed data readout method. In this paper, the DAQ software is focused on data co…
A collaboration between Fermilab and the Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Beijing, has developed a beam position monitor for the IHEP test beam facility. This telescope is based on 5 stations of silicon strip detectors having a pitch of 60 microns. The total active area of each layer of the detector is about 12x10 cm2. Readout of the strips is provided through the use of VA1` ASICs mounted on custom hybrid printed circuit boards and interfaced to Adapter Cards via copper-over-kapton flexible circuits. The Adapter Cards amplify and level-shift the signal for input to the Fermilab CAPTA…
A recently approved ten-year extension of the BESIII experiment (IHEP, Beijing) motivated an upgrade program for both the accelerator and the detector. In particular, the current inner drift chamber is suffering from aging and the proposal is to replace it with a detector based on the cylindrical GEM technology. The CGEM inner tracker (CGEM-IT) consists of three coaxial layers of triple GEM. The tracker is expected to restore efficiency, improve z-determination and secondary vertex position reconstruction with a spatial resolution of 130 μ m in the xy-plane and better than 300 μ m along the be…
The extension of data acquisition for the BEijing Spectrometer (BESIII) experiment until at least 2030 has resulted in upgrades to both the accelerator and the detector. An innovative Cylindrical Gas Electron Multiplier (CGEM) is under construction to upgrade the inner tracker, which is suffering from aging. The CGEM Inner Tracker (CGEM -IT) was designed to restore efficiency and enhance the reconstruction of the secondary vertexes position. Reconstruction in the magnetic field of 1 T requires an analog readout and an electronic contribution to the time resolution better than 5 ns. The entire …
PARISROC is a complete read out chip, in AMS SiGe 0.35 micron technology, for photomultipliers array. It is a front-end electronics ASIC which allows triggerless acquisition for the next generation of neutrino experiments. These detectors have place in megaton size water tanks and will require very large surface of photo-detection. An R & D program, funded by French national agency for research and called PMm2, proposes to segment the very large surface of photo-detection in macro pixels made of 16 photomultiplier tubes connected to an autonomous front-end electronics. The ASIC allows triggerl…
The data acquisition software framework, EUDAQ, was originally developed to read out data from the EUDET-type pixel telescopes. This was successfully used in many test beam campaigns in which an external position and time reference were required. The software has recently undergone a significant upgrade, EUDAQ2, which is a generic, modern and modular system for use by many different detector types, ranging from tracking detectors to calorimeters. EUDAQ2 is suited as an overarching software that links individual detector readout systems and simplifies the integration of multiple detectors. The …
A PC based high speed silicon microstrip beam telescope consisting of several independent modules is presented. Every module contains an AC-coupled double sided silicon microstrip sensor and a complete set of analog and digital signal processing electronics. A digital bus connects the modules with the DAQ PC. A trigger logic unit coordinates the operation of all modules of the telescope. The system architecture allows easy integration of any kind of device under test into the data acquisition chain. Signal digitization, pedestal correction, hit detection and zero suppression are done by hardwa…
This paper describes the hardware, firmware and software systems used in data acquisition for the NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS accelerator. Special emphasis is given to the design parameters of the readout electronics for the 40m^3 volume Time Projection Chamber detectors, as these give the largest contribution to event data among all the subdetectors: events consisting of 8bit ADC values from 256 timeslices of 200k electronic channels are to be read out with ~100Hz rate. The data acquisition system is organized in "push-data mode", i.e. local systems transmit data asynchronously. Tec…
The central institute of electronics (ZEA-2) in the Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ) has developed the novel readout electronics JUDIDT to cope with high-rate data acquisition of the KWS-1 and KWS-2 detectors in the experimental Hall at the Forschungsreacktor Muenchen FRM-II in Garching, Muenchen. This electronics has been then modified and used also for the data-acquisition of a prototype for an ANGER Camera proposed for the planned European Spallation Source. To commission the electronics, software for the data acquisition and the data monitoring has been developed. In this report the softwar…
Large liquid argon Time Projection Chambers have been adopted for the DUNE experiment's far detector, which will be composed of four 17 kton detectors situated 1.5 km underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This represents a large increase in scale compared to existing experiments. Both single- and dual-phase technologies will be validated at CERN, in cryostats capable of accommodating full-size detector modules, and exposed to low-energy charged particle beams. This programme, called ProtoDUNE, also allows for extensive tests of data acquisition strategies. The Front-End LIn…
Belle II is a new-generation B-factory experiment, dedicated to exploring new physics beyond the standard model of elementary particles in the flavor sector. Belle~II started data-taking in April 2018, using a synchronous data acquisition (DAQ) system based on pipelined trigger flow control. The Belle II DAQ system is designed to handle a 30-kHz trigger rate with approximately 1% of dead time, under the assumption of a raw event size of 1 MB. The DAQ system is reliable, and the overall data-taking efficiency reached 84.2% during the run period of January 2020 to June 2020. The current readout …
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO) experiment will develop an internationally leading neutrino experimental station to measure the order of neutrino mass and carry out many other scientific frontier studies. The entire experimental system includes the detector system, the electronics system, and the data acquisition (DAQ) system. Data flow is the core of JUNO DAQ system. Readout system and Event Building (EB) system are two key aspects of data flow. Based on the requirements analysis of JUNO DAQ, this paper proposes a data flow schema of distributed network readout and second-…
The Real-Time Systems Engineering Department of the Scientific Computing Division at Fermilab has deployed set of customizations to our Off-The-Shelf Data Acquisition solution (otsdaq) at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility (FTBF) to read out the beamline instrumentation in support of FTBF users. In addition to reading out several detectors which use various detection technologies and readout hardware, the FTBF Data Acquisition system (DAQ) can perform basic track reconstruction through the facility in real time and provide data to facility users. An advanced prototype smart coincidence module, kn…
The majority of high energy physics experiments rely on data acquisition and hardware-based trigger systems performing a number of stringent selections before storing data for offline analysis. The online reconstruction and selection performed at the trigger level are bound to the synchronous nature of the data acquisition system, resulting in a trade-off between the amount of data collected and the complexity of the online reconstruction performed. Exotic physics processes, such as long-lived and slow-moving particles, are rarely targeted by online triggers as they require complex and nonstan…
