Chuxiao Liu, Xiao Zhang
We show that the spherically symmetric Einstein-scalar-field equations for wave-like decaying initial data at null infinity have unique local solutions and unique global solutions for small initial data. We also generalize Christodoulou's global generalized solutions to the wave-like decaying initial data. We emphasize that this decaying condition is sharp.
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Spherically symmetric Einstein-scalar-field equations for slowly particle-like decaying null infinity
研究球对称爱因斯坦-标量场方程，证明小且缓慢类粒子衰减初始数据在零无穷远处存在唯一全局解。
Spherically symmetric Einstein-scalar-field equations with potential for wave-like decaying null infinity
本文证明了带势球对称Einstein-标量场方程在标量势V满足特定条件下，小初始数据及类波衰减类光无穷远经典解的全局存在性与唯一性。
We prove that, in a class of spherically symmetric spacetimes exhibiting stable trapping of null geodesics, linear waves cannot (uniformly) decay faster than logarithmically. When these linear waves are treated as a model for nonlinear perturbations, this slow decay is highly suggestive of nonlinear instability. We also prove that, in a large class of asymptotically flat, spherically symmetric spacetimes, logarithmic decay actually holds as a uniform upper bound. In the presence of stable trapping, this result is therefore the best one can obtain. In addition, we provide an application of thes…
Spherically symmetric inextendibility of weak null singularities with Christoffel symbols in $L^s_{\text{loc}}$
该研究受广义相对论强宇宙监督猜想启发，证明了满足特定条件的球对称弱零奇点的不可延拓性，验证了Reissner-Nordström-Vaidya时空等两类时空符合相关假设。
In this paper, under spherical symmetry we prove a trapped surface formation criterion for the Einstein-Maxwell-charged scalar field system. We generalize an approach introduced by Christodoulou for studying the Einstein-scalar field. In appendix, with double null foliation we also reprove Christodoulou's result and for Minkowskian incoming characteristic initial data, we improve Christodoulou's bound.
Contrasting behaviour of two spherically symmetric perfect fluids near a weak null singularity in a spherically symmetric black hole
研究对比了两种球对称物质模型在包含弱null奇点的球对称时空中的行为，证明了尘埃流在接近奇点时能量密度有界，而刚性完美流体能量密度趋于无穷大，速度矢量趋于入射null矢量。
We present two recently obtained solutions of the Einstein equations with spherical symmetry and one additional Killing vector, describing colliding null dust streams.
The unstable null circular geodesic features the spherically symmetrical asymptotically flat black hole
本文分析了球对称渐近平直黑洞中无质量粒子的零圆测地线，解析证明了该轨道具有不稳定性，并指出该结论适用于任何渐近平直且球对称的时空。
The existence of null circular geodesics outside extremal spherically symmetric asymptotically flat hairy black holes
本文证明极端球对称渐近平坦毛黑洞视界外存在零圆测地线，通过构造最快轨迹实现，并指出该证明同样适用于非极端黑洞。
The Einstein equations are integrated in the presence of two (incoming and outgoing) streams of null dust, under the assumptions of spherical symmetry and staticity. The solution is also written in double null and radiation coordinates and it is reinterpreted as an anisotropic fluid. Interior matching with a static fluid and exterior matching with the Vaidya solution along null hypersurfaces is discussed. The connection with two-dimensional dilaton gravity is established.
We study the dominant late-time behaviors of massive scalar fields in static and spherically symmetric spacetimes. Considering the field evolution in the far zone where the gravitational field is weak, we show under which conditions the massive field oscillates with an amplitude that decays slowly as $t^{-5/6}$ at very late times, as previously found in (say) the Schwarzschild case. Our conclusion is that this long-lived oscillating tail is generally observed at timelike infinity in black hole spacetimes, while it may not be able to survive if the central object is a normal star. We also discu…
The definition of well-behaved coordinate charts for black hole spacetimes can be tricky, as they can lead for example to either unphysical coordinate singularities in the metric (e.g. $r=2M$ in the Schwarzschild black hole) or to an implicit dependence of the chosen coordinate to physical relevant coordinates (e.g. the dependence of the null coordinates in the Kruskal metric). Here we discuss two approaches for coordinate choices in spherical symmetry allowing us to discuss explicitly "solitary" and spherically symmetric black holes from a regular horizon to null infinity. The first approach …
The Hamiltonian dynamics of two-component spherically symmetric null dust is studied with regard to the quantum theory of gravitational collapse. The components--the ingoing and outgoing dusts--are assumed to interact only through gravitation. Different kinds of singularities, naked or "clothed", that can form during collapse processes are described. The general canonical formulation of the one-component null-dust dynamics by Bicak and Kuchar is restricted to the spherically symmetric case and used to construct an action for the two components. The transformation from a metric variable to the …
A perturbative method to compute the total travel time of both null and lightlike rays in arbitrary static spherically symmetric spacetimes in the weak field limit is proposed. The resultant total time takes a quasi-series form of the impact parameter. The coefficient of this series at a certain order $n$ is shown to be determined by the asymptotic expansion of the metric functions to the order $n+1$. To the leading order(s), the time delay, as well as the difference between the time delays of two kinds of relativistic signals, is then shown to take a universal form for all SSS spacetimes. Thi…
The spherically symmetric, static spacetime generated by a crossflow of non-interacting radiation streams, treated in the geometrical optics limit (null dust) is equivalent to an anisotropic fluid forming a radiation atmosphere of a star. This reference fluid provides a preferred / internal time, which is employed as a canonical coordinate. Among the advantages we encounter a new Hamiltonian constraint, which becomes linear in the momentum conjugate to the internal time (therefore yielding a functional Schrödinger equation after quantization), and a strongly commuting algebra of the new constr…
Static and spherically symmetric vacuum spacetimes with non-expanding principal null directions in $f(R)$ gravity
本文刻画了 f(R) 引力中主零方向非膨胀的静态球对称真空解，发现除 Nariai 时空外，在特定理论下存在四个非常数 Ricci 标量的新解，并简述其几何性质。
We investigate quasi-free Hadamard states defined via characteristic initial data on null cones centred at the axis of symmetry in spherically symmetric space-times. We characterize the necessary singular behaviour of null boundary two-point functions such that one can define non-linear observables at this null boundary and give formulas for the calculation of these observables. These results extend earlier characterizations of null boundary states defining Hadamard states in the bulk of the null cone. As an application of our derived formulas, we consider their implications for the semi-class…
Formation of trapped surfaces for the spherically symmetric Einstein-Yang-Mills system with non-trivial incoming data
本文针对球对称爱因斯坦-杨-米尔斯系统，建立了带非平凡入射数据的俘获面形成定理，扩展了相关奇异特征方法，是弱宇宙监督方案的第一部分。
We introduce a formulation of Eulerian general relativistic hydrodynamics which is applicable for (perfect) fluid data prescribed on either spacelike or null hypersurfaces. Simple explicit expressions for the characteristic speeds and fields are derived in the general case. A complete implementation of the formalism is developed in the case of spherical symmetry. The algorithm is tested in a number of different situations, predisposing for a range of possible applications. We consider the Riemann problem for a polytropic gas, with initial data given on a retarded/advanced time slice of Minkows…
Regular generalizations of spherically and axially symmetric metrics and their properties are considered. Newton gravity law generalizations are reduced for null geodesic.
The coexistence of null and spacelike singularities inside spherically symmetric black holes
本研究通过分析黑洞内部局部初始数据，证明柯西视界破坏后剩余部分为类空奇点，给出零-类空过渡的尖锐估计，并发现Kasner指数为正且退化为(1,0,0)，首次定量刻画了黑洞内零-类空奇点过渡。
We study spherically symmetric solutions of semilinear wave equations in the case where the nonlinearity satisfies the null condition on extremal Reissner--Nordstrom black hole spacetimes. We show that solutions which arise from sufficiently small compactly supported smooth data prescribed on a Cauchy hypersfurace \widetilde{Σ}_0 crossing the future event horizon \mathcal{H}^{+} are globally well-posed in the domain of outer communications up to and including \mathcal{H}^{+}. Our method allows us to close all bootstrap estimates under very weak decay results (compatible with those known for th…
It is shown that an effective anisotropic spherically symmetric fluid model with heat flow can absorb the addition to a perfect fluid of pressure anisotropy, heat flow, bulk and shear viscosity, electric field and null fluid.
The spherically symmetric null hypersurfaces in a Schwarzschild spacetime are smooth away from the singularities and foliate the spacetime. We prove the existence of more general foliations by null hypersurfaces without the spherical symmetry condition. In fact we also relax the spherical symmetry of the ambient spacetime and prove a more general result: in a perturbed Schwarzschild spacetime (not necessary being vacuum), nearly round null hypersurfaces can be extended regularly to the past null infinity, thus there exist many foliations by regular null hypersurfaces in the exterior region of …
We consider a wide class of static spherically symmetric black holes of arbitrary dimension with a photon sphere (a hypersurface on which a massless particle can orbit the black hole on unstable circular null geodesics). This class includes various spacetimes of physical interest such as Schwarzschild, Schwarzschild-Tangherlini and Reissner-Nordström black holes, the canonical acoustic black hole or the Schwarzschild-de Sitter black hole. For this class of black holes, we provide general analytical expressions for the Regge poles of the $S$-matrix associated with a massless scalar field theory…
We initiate the mathematical study of spherical collapse of self-gravitating charged scalar fields. The main result gives a complete characterization of the future boundary of spacetime, providing a starting point for studying the cosmic censorship conjectures. In general, the boundary includes two null components, one emanating from the center of symmetry and the other from the future limit point of null infinity, joined by an achronal component to which the area-radius function r extends continuously to zero. Various components of the boundary, a priori, may be empty and establishing such ge…
Global existence and geometry of constant mass aspect function foliation in perturbed Schwarzschild spacetime
本文证明了真空微扰Schwarzschild时空中常质量面函数叶化的全局存在性，并通过与球对称叶化比较研究其几何性质，为应用零Penrose不等式奠定核心基础。
The paper deals with an extensive study of null and timelike geodesics in the background of wormhole geometries. Starting with a spherically symmetric spacetime, null geodesics are analyzed for the Morris-Thorne wormhole(WH) and photon spheres are examined in WH geometries. Both bounded and unbounded orbits are discussed for timelike geodesics. A similar analysis has been done for trajectories in a dynamic spherically symmetric WH and for a rotating WH. Finally, the invariant angle method of Rindler and Ishak has been used to calculate the angle between radial and tangential vectors at any poi…
We obtain the second-order asymptotics for the radiation field of spherically symmetric solutions to the wave equation on spherically symmetric and asymptotically flat backgrounds including the Schwarzschild and sub-extremal Reissner-Nordstrom families of black holes. These terms appear as logarithmic corrections to the leading-order asymptotic terms which were rigorously derived in our previous work. Such corrections were heuristically and numerically derived in the physics literature in the case of a non-vanishing Newman-Penrose constant. In this case, our results provide a rigorous confirma…
We derive precise late-time asymptotics for solutions to the wave equation on spherically symmetric, stationary and asymptotically flat spacetimes including as special cases the Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstrom families of black holes. We also obtain late-time asymptotics for the time derivatives of all orders and for the radiation field along null infinity. We show that the leading-order term in the asymptotic expansion is related to the existence of the conserved Newman-Penrose quantities on null infinity. As a corollary we obtain a characterization of all solutions which satisfy Price's…
We consider a characteristic problem of the vacuum Einstein equations with part of the initial data given on a future complete null cone with suitable decay, and show that the solution exists uniformly around the null cone for general such initial data. We can then define a segment of the future null infinity. The initial data are not required to be small and the decaying condition inherits from the works of \cite{Ch-K} and \cite{K-N}.
In the spirit of the Newtonian theory, we characterize spherically symmetric empty space in general relativity in terms of energy density measured by a static observer and convergence density experienced by null and timelike congruences. It turns out that space surrounding a static particle is entirely specified by vanishing of energy and null convergence density. The electrograv-dual$^{1}$ to this condition would be vanishing of timelike and null convergence density which gives the dual-vacuum solution representing a Schwarzschild black hole with global monopole charge$^{2}$ or with cloud of …
In this paper, we initiate the study of the instability of naked singularities without symmetries. In a series of papers, Christodoulou proved that naked singularities are not stable in the context of the spherically symmetric Einstein equations coupled with a massless scalar field. We study in this paper the next simplest case: a characteristic initial value problem of this coupled system with the initial data given on two intersecting null cones, the incoming one of which is assumed to be spherically symmetric and singular at its vertex, and the outgoing one of which has no symmetries. It is…
Dynamics of a null thin shell immersed in a generic spherically symmetric spacetime is obtained within the distributional formalism. It has been shown that the distributional formalism leads to the same result as in the conventional formalism.
We consider a characteristic initial value problem, with initial data given on a future null cone, for the Einstein (massless) scalar field system with a positive cosmological constant, in Bondi coordinates. We prove that, for small data, this system has a unique global classical solution which is causally geodesically complete to the future and decays polynomially in radius and exponentially in Bondi time, approaching the de Sitter solution.
We critically examine the Roberts homothetic solution for the spherically symmetric Einstein-scalar field equations in double null coordinates, and show that the Roberts solution indeed solves the field equations only for one non-trivial case. We generalize this solution and discuss its relations with other known exact solutions.
Asymptotically flat black holes with a singular Cauchy horizon and a spacelike singularity
该研究通过类空-特征粘合等方法构建了满足相关场方程的单端、双端渐近平坦球对称黑洞时空，首次给出类光与类空奇点共存的黑洞示例，为引力坍缩研究提供了重要模型。
Gravitational lensing in holonomy corrected spherically symmetric black holes with phantom global monopoles
本文研究含普通与幻影全局磁单极子的完整化修正球对称黑洞引力透镜，分析零测地线有效势并在弱场极限下推导至 LQG 参数二阶的光子偏转角表达式。
Spherically symmetric black hole spacetimes on hyperboloidal slices
本文以球对称为最简设置，从穿刺法视角回顾史瓦西与赖斯纳-诺德斯特龙黑洞的常平均曲率双曲喇叭形切片构建，建立求解双曲适配双曲规范条件的框架得到稳态初值，并给出演化测试结果，为含未来类光无穷远的黑洞数值模拟提供支撑。
Using the principle of least action, the motion equations for a singular hypersurface of arbitrary type in quadratic gravity are derived. Equations containing the "external pressure" and the "external flow" components of the surface energy-momentum tensor together with the Lichnerowicz conditions serve to find the hypersurface itself, while the remaining ones define arbitrary functions that arise due to the implicit presence of the delta function derivative. It turns out that neither double layers nor thin shells exist for the quadratic Gauss-Bonnet term. It is shown that there is no "external…
The paper deals with static traversable wormhole having shape function a polynomial of the radial coordinate of degree 2. Embedding of the wormholes in space-time is examined both analytically and graphically. Also both timelike and null geodesics are studied in this wormhole geometry.
We summarize the consequences of the twin assumptions of (discrete) self-similarity and spherical symmetry for the global structure of a spacetime. All such spacetimes can be constructed from two building blocks, the "fan" and "splash". Each building block contains one radial null geodesic that is invariant under the self-similarity (self-similarity horizon).
By calculating the Newman-Penrose Weyl tensor components of a perturbed spherically symmetric space-time with respect to invariantly defined classes of null tetrads, we give a physical interpretation, in terms of gravitational radiation, of odd parity gauge invariant metric perturbations. We point out how these gauge invariants may be used in setting boundary and/or initial conditions in perturbation theory.
It was recently shown that the metric functions which describe a spherically symmetric space-time with vanishing radial pressure can be explicitly integrated. We investigate the nakedness and curvature strength of the shell-focusing singularity in that space-time. If the singularity is naked, the relation between the circumferential radius and the Misner-Sharp mass is given by $R\approx 2y_{0} m^β$ with $ 1/3<β\le 1$ along the first radial null geodesic from the singularity. The $β$ is closely related to the curvature strength of the naked singularity. For example, for the outgoing or ingoing …
This paper investigates the global properties of a class of spherically symmetric spacetimes. The class contains the maximal development of asymptotically flat spherically symmetric initial data for a wide variety of coupled Einstein-matter systems. For this class, it is proven here that the existence of a single trapped surface or marginally trapped surface implies the completeness of future null infinity and the formation of an event horizon whose area radius is bounded by twice the final Bondi mass.
We investigate the occurrence of naked singularities in the spherically symmetric, plane symmetric and cylindrically symmetric collapse of charged null fluid in an anti-de Sitter background. The naked singularities are found to be strong in Tipler's sense and thus violate the cosmic censorship conjecture, but not hoop conjecture.
A definition of surface gravity at the apparent horizon of dynamical spherically symmetric spacetimes is proposed. It is based on a unique foliation by ingoing null hypersurfaces. The function parametrizing the hypersurfaces can be interpreted as the phase of a light wave uniformly emitted by some far-away static observer. The definition gives back the accepted value of surface gravity in the static case by virtue of its nonlocal character. Although the definition is motivated by the behavior of outgoing null rays, it turns out that there is a simple connection between the generalized surface …
It is supposed that in our Universe with compactified extra dimensions (ED) the domains exist with noncompactified ED. Such domain can be a wormhole-like solution in multidimensional gravity (MD), located between two null surfaces. With the availability of compactification mechanism this MD domain can be joined on null surfaces with two black holes filled by gauge field. Solution of this kind in MD gravity on the principal bundle with structural group SU(3) is obtained. This solution is wormhole-like object located between two null surfaces $ds^2=0$. In some sense these solutions are dual to b…
The boundary at $\Cal I^+$, future null infinity, for a standard static, spherically symmetric spactime is examined for possible linear connections. Two independent methods are employed, one for treating $\Cal I^+$ as the future causal boundary, and one for treating it as a conformal boundary (the latter is subsumed in the former, which is of greater generality). Both methods provide the same result: a constellation of various possible connections, depending on an arbitrary choice of a certain function, a sort of gauge freedom in obtaining a natural connection on $\Cal I^+$; choosing that func…
We study the two-dimensional (2D) dilatonic model describing a massless scalar field minimally coupled to the spherically reduced Einstein-Hilbert gravity. The general solution of this model is given in the case when a Killing vector is present. When interpreted in four dimensions, the solution describes either a static or a homogeneous collision of incoming and outgoing null dust streams with spherical symmetry. The homogeneous Universe is closed.
A large family of inhomogeneous non-static spherically symmetric solutions of the Einstein equation for null fluid in higher dimensions has been obtained. It encompasses higher dimensional versions of many previously known solutions such as Vaidya, charged Vaidya and Husain solutions and also some new solutions representing global monopole or string dust. It turns out that physical properties of the solutions carry over to higher dimensions.
We present an algorithm for the construction of conformal coordinates in the interior of a spherically symmetric, collapsing matter cloud in general relativity. This algorithm is based on the numerical integration of radial null geodesics. As an application we generate conformal diagrams for collapsing spherical dust clouds and analyze the causal structure of the resulting spacetimes.
The causal geodesics in the equatorial plane of a static extremal charged black holes in heterotic string theory are examined with regard to their geodesic stability, and compared with similar geodesics in the non-extremal situation. Extremization of the effective potential for time-like and null circular geodesics implies that in the extremal limit, the radius of ISCO(Inner-most Stable Circular Orbit) $(r_{ISCO})$, circular photon orbit (CPO) $(r_{ph})$ and marginally bound circular orbit (MBCO) $(r_{mb})$ are coincident with the event horizon $(r_{hor})$ i.e. $r_{ISCO}=r_{ph}=r_{mb}=r_{hor}=…
We study gravitational collapse of the general spherically symmetric null strange quark fluid having the equation of state, $p = (ρ- 4B)/n$, where $B$ is the bag constant. An interesting feature that emerges is that the initial data set giving rise to naked singularity in the Vaidya collapse of null fluid gets covered due to the presence of strange quark matter component. Its implication to the Cosmic Censorship Conjecture is discussed.
In this paper we show that there is a breakdown of scattering between the event horizon (or the Cauchy horizon) and an intermediate Cauchy hypersurface in the dynamic interior of a Reissner-Nordström-like black hole. More precisely, we show that the trace operators and their analytic counterparts, the inverse wave operators, do not have bounded inverses, even though these operators themselves are bounded. This result holds for the natural energy given by the energy-momentum tensor of the wave equation using the timelike vector field of the Regge-Wheeler variable, which asymptotically becomes n…
A numerical simulation is performed of the gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric scalar field. The algorithm uses the null initial value formulation of the Einstein-scalar equations, but does {\it not} use adaptive mesh refinement. A study is made of the critical phenomena found by Choptuik in this system. In particular it is verified that the critical solution exhibits periodic self-similarity. This work thus provides a simple algorithm that gives verification of the Choptuik results.
In this paper, we study the evolution of asymptotically AdS initial data for the spherically symmetric Einstein--massless Vlasov system for $Λ<0$, with reflecting boundary conditions imposed on timelike infinity $\mathcal{I}$, in the case when the Vlasov field is supported only on radial geodesics. This system is equivalent to the spherically symmetric Einstein--null dust system, allowing for both ingoing and outgoing dust. In general, solutions to this system break down in finite time (independent of the size of the initial data); we highlight this fact by showing that, at the first point whe…
The closed-universe recollapse conjecture is studied for a class of closed spherically symmetric spacetimes which includes those having as a matter source: (1) a massless scalar field; (2) a perfect fluid obeying the equation of state $ρ= P$; and (3) null dust. It is proven that all timelike curves in any such spacetime must have length less than $6 \max_Σ(2m)$, where $m$ is the mass associated with the spheres of symmetry and $Σ$ is any Cauchy surface for the spacetime. The simplicity of this result leads us to conjecture that a similar bound can be established for the more general sphericall…
The existence and stability of circular orbits (CO) in static and spherically symmetric (SSS) spacetime are important because of their practical and potential usefulness. In this paper, using the fixed point method, we first prove a necessary and sufficient condition on the metric function for the existence of timelike COs in SSS spacetimes. After analyzing the asymptotic behavior of the metric, we then show that asymptotic flat SSS spacetime that corresponds to a negative Newtonian potential at large $r$ will always allow the existence of CO. The stability of the CO in a general SSS spacetime…
In this paper I consider surfaces in a space-time with a Killing vector $ξ^α$ that is time-like and hypersurface orthogonal on one side of the surface. The Killing vector may be either time-like or space-like on the other side of the surface. It has been argued that the surface is null if $ξ_αξ^α\rightarrow 0$ as the surface is approached from the static region. This implies that, in a coordinate system adapted to $ξ$, surfaces with $g_{tt}=0$ are null. In spherically symmetric space-times the condition $g^{rr}=0$ instead of $g_{tt}=0$ is sometimes used to locate null surfaces. In this paper I…
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