In 1968, V.I. Oseledets formulated the question of convergence in the Birkhoff theorem and the multiplicative ergodic theorem for measurable cocycles over flows under the condition of integrability for each individual t. A.M. Stepin and the author established (2016) the convergence along subsets of time of density 1. In this note, we show that moreover the convergence is fulfilled modulo time subsets of finite measure.
We prove that the Lyapunov exponents of typical fiber bunched linear cocycles over Lorenz-like flows have multiplicity one: the set of exceptional cocycles has infinite codimention, i.e. it is locally contained in finite unions of closed submanifolds with arbitrarily high codimension.
For substitution systems and translation flows, a new cocycle, which we call {\em spectral cocycle}, is introduced, whose Lyapunov exponents govern the local dimension of the spectral measure for higher-level cylindrical functions. The construction relies on the symbolic representation of translation flows and the formalism of matrix Riesz products.
We consider interval exchange transformations of periodic type and construct different classes of recurrent ergodic cocycles of dimension $\geq 1$ over this special class of IETs. Then using Poincaré sections we apply this construction to obtain recurrence and ergodicity for some smooth flows on non-compact manifolds which are extensions of multivalued Hamiltonian flows on compact surfaces.
Let $(ω, A_E)$ be a quasi-periodic Schrödinger cocycle, where $ω$ is a Diophantine irrational. The potential is assumed to be $C^2$ with a unique non-degenerate minimum, and the coupling constant is assumed to be large. We show that, as the energy approaches the lowest energy of the spectrum from below, the distance between the Oseledets-directions, in projective coordinates, is asymptotically linear. Moreover, we show that the $C^2$-norm of the Oseledets-directions, in projective coordinates, grows asymptotically (almost) like the inverse of the square root of the distance. Both of these resu…
Given a discrete-time random dynamical system represented by a cocycle of non-singular measurable maps, we may obtain information on dynamical quantities by studying the cocycle of Perron-Frobenius operators associated to the maps. Of particular interest is the second-largest Lyapunov exponent, $λ_2$, which can tell us about mixing rates and decay of correlations in the system. We prove a generalized Perron-Frobenius theorem for cocycles of bounded linear operators on Banach spaces that preserve and occasionally contract a cone; this theorem shows that the top Oseledets space for the cocycle i…
We prove that in an open and dense set, Symplectic linear cocycles over time one maps of Anosov flows, have positive Lyapunov exponents for SRB measures.
We study actions by higher-rank abelian groups on quotients of semisimple Lie groups with finite center. First, we consider actions arising from the flows of two commuting elements of the Lie algebra--one nilpotent, and the other semisimple. Second, we consider actions from two commuting unipotent flows coming from two commuting embedded copies of SL(2,R). In both cases we show that any smooth real-valued cocycle over the action is cohomologous to a constant cocycle via a smooth transfer function.
Let $M$ be a closed oriented surface of negative Gaussian curvature and let $Ω$ be a non-exact 2-form. Let $λ$ be a small positive real number. We show that the longitudinal KAM-cocycle of the magnetic flow given by $\la Ω$ is a coboundary if and only if the Gaussian curvature is constant and $Ω$ is a constant multiple of the area form.
We consider symplectic cocycles over two classes of partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms: having compact center leaves and time one maps of Anosov flows. We prove that the Lyapunov exponents are non-zero in an open and dense set in the Hölder topology.
Pesin sets are measurable sets along which the behavior of a matrix cocycle above a measure preserving dynamical system is explicitly controlled. In uniformly hyper-bolic dynamics, we study how often points return to Pesin sets under suitable conditions on the cocycle: if it is locally constant, or if it admits invariant holonomies and is pinching and twisting, we show that the measure of points that do not return a linear number of times to Pesin sets is exponentially small. We discuss applications to the exponential mixing of contact Anosov flows, and counterexamples illustrating the necessi…
The aim of the paper is to present various asymptotic behaviors of skew-evolution semiflows in Banach spaces, as exponential decay, instability, exponential in- stability and integral instability. Relations between these asymptotic properties are also given. As main results, two Datko type theorems are proved. A unified nonuniform approach is provided.
This text is an expanded version of the lecture notes of a minicourse (with the same title of this text) delivered by the authors in the Bedlewo school "Modern Dynamics and its Interaction with Analysis, Geometry and Number Theory" (from 4 to 16 July, 2011). In the first part of this text, i.e., from Sections 1 to 5, we discuss the Teichmüller and moduli space of translation surfaces, the Teichmüller flow and the SL(2,R)-action on these moduli spaces and the Kontsevich-Zorich cocycle over the Teichmüller geodesic flow. We sketch two applications of the ergodic properties of the Teichmüller flo…
Let $M$ be a closed oriented surface and let $Ω$ be a non-exact 2-form. Suppose that the magnetic flow $ϕ$ of the pair $(g,Ω)$ is Anosov. We show that the longitudinal KAM-cocycle of $ϕ$ is a coboundary if and only the Gaussian curvature is constant and $Ω$ is a constant multiple of the area form thus extending the results in \cite{P2}. We also show infinitesimal rigidity of the action spectrum of $ϕ$ with respect to variations of $Ω$. Both results are obtained by showing that if $G:M\to\mathbb R$ is any smooth function and $ω$ is any smooth 1-form on $M$ such that $G(x)+ω_{x}(v)$ integrates t…
We show that any measurable solution of the cohomological equation for a Hölder linear cocycle over a hyperbolic system coincides almost everywhere with a Hölder solution. More generally, we show that every measurable invariant conformal structure for a Hölder linear cocycle over a hyperbolic system coincides almost everywhere with a continuous invariant conformal structure. We also use the main theorem to show that a linear cocycle is conformal if none of its iterates preserve a measurable family of proper subspaces of $\mathbb{R}^{d}$. We use this to characterize closed negatively curved Rie…
We prove that Lyapunov exponents of typical Hölder continuous fiber bunched linear cocycles over singular hyperbolic flows have multiplicity 1: the subspace of exceptional cocycles has infinite codimension.
We consider the action of $SL(2,\mathbb{R})$ on a vector bundle $\mathbf{H}$ preserving an ergodic probability measure $ν$ on the base $X$. Under an irreducibility assumption on this action, we prove that if $\hatν$ is any lift of $ν$ to a probability measure on the projectivized bunde $\mathbb{P}(\mathbf{H})$ that is invariant under the upper triangular subgroup, then $\hat ν$ is supported in the projectivization $\mathbb{P}(\mathbf{E}_1)$ of the top Lyapunov subspace of the positive diagonal semigroup. We derive two applications. First, the Lyapunov exponents for the Kontsevich-Zorich cocycl…
In the present paper we give a positive answer to some questions posed by Viana on the existence of positive Lyapunov exponents for Hamiltonian linear differential systems. We prove that there exists an open and dense set of Hamiltonian linear differential systems, over a suspension flow with bounded roof function, displaying at least one positive Lyapunov exponent. In consequence, typical cocycles over a uniformly hyperbolic flow are chaotic. Finally, we obtain similar results for cocycles over flows preserving an ergodic, hyperbolic measure with local product structure.
An asymptotic expansion is established for time averages of translation flows on flat surfaces. This result, which extends earlier work of A.Zorich and G.Forni, yields limit theorems for translation flows. The argument, close in spirit to that of G.Forni, uses the approximation of ergodic integrals by holonomy-invariant Hoelder cocycles on trajectories of the flows. The space of holonomy-invariant Hoelder cocycles is finite-dimensional, and is given by an explicit construction. First, a symbolic representation for a uniquely ergodic translation flow is obtained following S.Ito and A.M. Vershik…
We prove a log average almost-sure invariance principle (log asip) for renewal processes with positive i.i.d. gaps in the domain of attraction of an $α$-stable law with $0<α<1$. Dynamically, this means that renewal and Mittag-Leffler paths are forward asymptotic in the scaling flow, up to a time average. This strengthens the almost-sure invariance principle in log density we proved in {FisherTalet2011}. The scaling flow is a Bernoulli flow on a probability space. We study a second flow, the increment flow, transverse to the scaling flow, which preserves an infinite invariant measure constructe…
We prove an analog for integrable measurable cocycles of Pansu's differentiation theorem for Lipschitz maps between Carnot-Carathéodory spaces. This yields an alternative, ergodic theoretic proof of Pansu's quasi-isometric rigidity theorem for nilpotent groups, answers a question of Tim Austin regarding integrable measure equivalence between nilpotent groups, and gives an independent proof and strengthening of Austin's result that integrable measure equivalent nilpotent groups have bi-Lipschitz asymptotic cones. Our main tools are a nilpotent-valued cocycle ergodic theorem and a Poincaré recur…
We study flows on C*-algebras with the Rokhlin property. We show that every Kirchberg algebra carries a unique Rokhlin flow up to cocycle conjugacy, which confirms a long-standing conjecture of Kishimoto. We moreover present a classification theory for Rokhlin flows on C*-algebras satisfying certain technical properties, which hold for many C*-algebras covered by the Elliott program. As a consequence, we obtain the following further classification theorems for Rokhlin flows. Firstly, we extend the statement of Kishimoto's conjecture to the non-simple case: Up to cocycle conjugacy, a Rokhlin fl…
Given an ergodic flow $φ^t\colon M\rightarrow M$ defined on a probability space $M$ we study a family of continuous-time kinetic linear cocycles associated to the solutions of the second order linear homogeneous differential equations $\ddot x +α(φ^t(ω))\dot x+β(φ^t(ω))x=0$, where the parameters $α,β$ evolve along the $φ^t$-orbit of $ω\in M$. Our main result states that for a generic subset of kinetic continuous-time linear cocycles, where generic means a Baire second category with respect to an $L^p$-like topology on the infinitesimal generator, the Lyapunov spectrum is trivial.
For linear cocycles over both maps and flows, we obtain Datko-Pazy type of conditions under which all Lyapunov exponents of a given cocycle are negative. Furthermore, by combining our results with the results on subadditive ergodic optimisation, we also present new criteria for uniform exponential stability of linear cocycles.
We consider smooth area-preserving flows (also known as locally Hamiltonian flows) on surfaces of genus $g\geq 1$ and study ergodic integrals of smooth observables along the flow trajectories. We show that these integrals display a \emph{power deviation spectrum} and describe the cocycles that lead the pure power behaviour, giving a new proof of results by Forni (Annals 2002) and Bufetov (Annals 2014) and generalizing them to observables which are non-zero at fixed points. This in particular completes the proof of the original formulation of the Kontsevitch-Zorich conjecture. Our proof is base…
For Hoelder cocycles over a Lipschitz base transformation, possibly non-invertible, we show that the subbundles given by the Oseledets Theorem are Hoelder-continuous on compact sets of measure arbitrarily close to 1. The results extend to vector bundle automorphisms, as well as to the Kontsevich-Zorich cocycle over the Teichmueller flow on the moduli space of abelian differentials. Following a recent result of Chaika-Eskin, our results also extend to any given Teichmueller disk.
We consider special flows over the rotation on the circle by an irrational $α$ under roof functions of bounded variation. The roof functions, in the Lebesgue decomposition, are assumed to have a continuous singular part coming from a quasi-similar Cantor set (including the Devil's staircase case). Moreover, a finite number of discontinuities is allowed. Assuming that $α$ has bounded partial quotients, we prove that all such flows are weakly mixing and enjoy weak Ratner's property. Moreover, we provide a sufficient condition for the roof function to obtain a stability of the cocycle Ratner's pr…
Exponential mixing and Freidlin--Wentzell large deviation principle for Markov cocycles
School of Mathematics, Sichuan University（四川大学数学学院）；School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学数学科学学院）；Department of Mathematics, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology（新墨西哥矿业与技术大学数学系）
Let $\mathbb{G}$ be a higher-rank connected semisimple Lie group with finite center and without compact factors. In any unitary representation $(π, \mathcal{H})$ of $\mathbb{G}$ without non-trivial $\mathbb{G}$-fixed vectors, we study the twisted cohomological equation $(X+m)f=g$, where $m\in\mathbb{R}$ and $X$ is in a $\mathbb{R}$-split Cartan subalgebra of $\text{Lie}(\mathbb{G})$. We characterize the obstructions to solving the cohomological equation, construct smooth solutions of the cohomological equation and obtain tame Sobolev estimates for $f$. We also study common solution to (the inf…
We consider smooth locally Hamiltonian flows on compact surfaces of genus $g\geq 2$ to prove their deviation of Birkhoff integrals for smooth observables. Our work generalizes results of Forni and Bufetov which prove the existence of deviation spectrum of Birkhoff integrals for observables whose jets vanish at sufficiently high order around fixed points of the flow. They showed that ergodic integrals can display a power spectrum of behaviours with exactly $g$ positive exponents related to the positive Lyapunov exponents of the cocycle so-called Kontsevich-Zorich, a renormalization cocycle over…
Oseledets regularity functions quantify the deviation of the growth associated with a dynamical system along its Lyapunov bundles from the corresponding uniform exponential growth. Precise degree of regularity of these functions is unknown. We show that for every invariant Lyapunov bundle of a volume preserving Anosov flow on a closed smooth Riemannian manifold, the corresponding Oseledets regularity functions are in $L^p(m)$, for some $p > 0$, where $m$ is the probability measure defined by the volume form. We prove an analogous result for essentially bounded cocycles over volume preserving A…
In this paper, we prove the existences of pullback attractors in $L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^N)\times L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^N)$ for stochastic Fitzhugh-Nagumo system driven by both additive noises and deterministic non-autonomous forcings. The nonlinearity is polynomial like growth with exponent $p-1$. The asymptotic compactness for the cocycle in $L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^N)\times L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^N)$ is proved by using asymptotic a priori method, where the plus and minus signs of the nonlinearity at large value are not required.
In the present paper we prove that densely, with respect to an $L^p$-like topology, the Lyapunov exponents associated to linear continuous-time cocycles $Φ:\mathbb{R}\times M\to \text{GL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ induced by second order linear homogeneous differential equations $\ddot x+α(φ^t(ω))\dot x+β(φ^t(ω))x=0$ are almost everywhere distinct. The coefficients $α,β$ evolve along the $φ^t$-orbit for $ω\in M$ and $φ^t: M\to M$ is an ergodic flow defined on a probability space. We also obtain the corresponding version for the frictionless equation $\ddot x+β(φ^t(ω))x=0$ and for a Schrödinger equation $…
Discrete-time discrete-state random Markov chains with a tridiagonal generator are shown to have a random attractor consisting of singleton subsets, essentially a random path, in the simplex of probability vectors. The proof uses the Hilbert projection metric and the fact that the linear cocycle generated by the Markov chain is a uniformly contractive mapping of the positive cone into itself. The proof does not involve probabilistic properties of the sample path and is thus equally valid in the nonautonomous deterministic context of Markov chains with, say, periodically varying transitions pro…
We consider skew products $$T_ϕ:X\times G\to X\times G,~~(x,g)\mapsto(F_1(x),g\;\!ϕ(x)),$$ where $X$ is a compact manifold with probability measure, $G$ a compact Lie group with Lie algebra $\frak g$, $F_1:X\to X$ the time-one map of a measure-preserving flow, and $ϕ\in C^1(X,G)$ a cocycle. Then, we define the degree of $ϕ$ as a suitable function $P_ϕM_ϕ:X\to\frak g$, we show that it transforms in a natural way under Lie group homomorphisms and under the relation of $C^1$-cohomology, and we explain how it generalises previous definitions of degree of a cocycle. For each finite-dimensional irre…
