Autonomous electric vehicles are being widely studied nowadays as the future technology of ground transportation, while the autonomous electric vehicles based on conventional powertrain system limit their energy and power transmission efficiencies and may hinder their broad applications in future. Here we report a study on the energy consumption and efficiency improvement of a mid-size autonomous electric vehicle driven by in-wheel motors, through the development of a numerical energy model, validated with the actual driving data and implemented in a case study. The energy analysis was conducted under three driving conditions: flat road, upslope, and downslope driving to examine the energy consumption, with the energy-saving potential of the in-wheel-motor driven powertrain system systematically explored and discussed. Considering the energy recovery from the regenerative braking, energy consumption and regenerated energy were calculated in specific driving cycles based on vehicle dynamics and autonomous driving patterns. A case study was conducted using the baseline electric vehicle driving data in West Los Angeles. It was found that an in-wheel motor driven autonomous electric vehicle can save up to 17.5% of energy compared with a conventional electric vehicle during the slope driving. Using the efficiency maps of a commercial in-wheel motor, the numerical energy model and validated results obtained from this study are in line with actual situations, and can be used to support sustainable development of more energy-efficient autonomous electric vehicles in the future.
Steeringless Drifting: Differential-Torque Control of a Four-Wheel Independently Driven Vehicle
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学机械工程学院）；School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学机械与航天工程学院）
MUJICA: Multi-skill Unified Joint Integration of Control Architecture for Wheeled-Legged Robots
College of Intelligent Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing, Fudan University（智能机器人与先进制造学院，复旦大学）；Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited（中国电力工程顾问集团华东分公司）
Designing a Miniature Wheel Arrangement for Mobile Robot Platforms
College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology（国家科技大学机电工程学院）；Department of Mechanical Engineering（机械工程系）
(hu)Man vs. Machine: In the Future of Motorsport, can Autonomous Vehicles Compete?
Autonomous Driving and Intelligent Transport Group, Oxford Brookes University, UK（自主驾驶与智能交通组，奥克斯伯里大学，英国）；School of Engineering, Computing & Mathematics, Oxford Brookes University, UK（工程、计算与数学学院，奥克斯伯里大学，英国）；Artificial Intelligence, Data Analysis and Systems Institute, Oxford Brookes University, UK（人工智能、数据分析与系统研究所，奥克斯伯里大学，英国）
Words to Wheels: Vision-Based Autonomous Driving Understanding Human Language Instructions Using Foundation Models
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technologies (KAIST)（韩国科学技术院（KAIST））；Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI)（电子通信研究院（ETRI））
Lateral tracking control of all-wheel steering vehicles with intelligent tires
Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University（林奈大学电气工程系）；Department of Engineering Cybernetics, NTNU（挪威技术大学工程 cybernetics 系）；IEEE Publication Technology Department（IEEE出版技术部）
Autonomous Docking Method via Non-linear Model Predictive Control
Research Center for Smart Mechatronics National Research and Innovation Agency（国家研究与创新署智能机电研究中心）；Research Center for Telecommunication National Research and Innovation Agency（国家研究与创新署电信研究中心）
Tilt-Ropter: A Fully Actuated Hybrid Aerial-Terrestrial Vehicle with Tilt Rotors and Passive Wheels
Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong（机械与自动化工程系，香港中文大学）；Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong（工程学院，香港大学）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）
Motion Rectification for an Homeostasis-Enabling Wheel
Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；Georgia Tech Research Institute（佐治亚理工学院研究所）；Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace（航空航天高等研究院）；Ecole Nationale de l’Aviation Civile（国立民用航空学院）
Wheel-Mounted/GNSS Fusion with AI-Aided Position Updates
Autonomous Navigation and Sensor Fusion Lab（自主导航与传感器融合实验室）；Hatter Department of Marine Technologies（海洋技术系）；Charney School of Marine Sciences（海洋科学学院）；University of Haifa（海法大学）
Accelerating Real-World Overtaking in F1TENTH Racing Employing Reinforcement Learning Methods
Centre for Automation and Robotic Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand（自动化与机器人工程科学中心，奥克兰大学，新西兰）；New Dexterity research group, The University of Auckland, New Zealand（新灵活性研究组，奥克兰大学，新西兰）
Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校土木、建筑与环境工程系）；School of Automation and Intelligent Sensing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学自动化与智能感知学院）；College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University（浙江大学电气工程学院）；School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University（同济大学汽车学院）；School of Architecture, The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校建筑学院）；Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison（威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校土木与环境工程系）
