The polarimetric observations on the protoplanetary disk around HL Tau have shown the scattering-induced polarization at ALMA Band 7, which indicates that the maximum dust size is $\sim 100~{\rm μm}$, while the Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) has suggested that the maximum dust size is $\sim$ mm. To solve the contradiction, we investigate the impact of differential settling of dust grains on the SED and polarization. If the disk is optically thick, longer observing wavelength traces more interior layer which would be dominated by larger grains. We find that, the SED of the center part of the HL Tau disk can be explained with mm-sized grains for a broad range of turbulence strength, while $160~{\rm μm}$-sized grains can explain barely only if the turbulence strength parameter $α_{\rm t}$ is lower than $10^{-5}$. We also find that the observed polarization fraction can be potentially explained with the maximum dust size of $1~{\rm mm}$ if $α_{\rm t}\lesssim10^{-5}$, although models with $160~{\rm μm}$-sized grains are also acceptable. However, if the maximum dust size is $\sim3~{\rm mm}$, the simulated polarization fraction is too low to explain the observations even if the turbulence strength is extremely small, indicating the maximum dust size of $\lesssim1$ mm. The degeneracy between 100 ${\rm μm}$-sized and mm-sized grains can be solved by improving the ALMA calibration accuracy or polarimetric observations at (sub-)cm wavelengths.
CI Tau: A controlled experiment in disk-planet interaction
CI Tau是一个年轻(约200万年)的T型金牛座系统,在其SED中有大量的近红外线过剩,表明原行星盘延伸到非常接近它的恒星。这似乎与CI Tau b的径向速度发现不一致,CI Tau b是一颗大约12 MJ的行星,大约0.1 au,预计会在最里面的圆盘上雕刻一个宽而深的空腔。为了研究这一明显的矛盾,我们运行二维流体动力学模拟来研究行星对磁盘的影响,然后用辐射转移对结果进行后处理,以获得SED。我们发现,在~0.1天文单位,即使是这样一个巨大的同伴几乎没有影响的近红外线过剩,无论行星偏心率和尘埃大小分布的结果。相反,在CI Tau的SED中观察到的全圆盘签名与热超级木星CI Tau b的存在是一致的。正如我们的模拟所揭示的那样,SED中清晰的过渡盘签名更有可能是新生的“温暖”彗星的路标,位于其宿主恒星未来宜居带的1 AU左右。
Diverse dust vertical height and settling strength conditions in protoplanetary discs
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London(穆拉德太空科学实验室,伦敦大学学院);Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院紫金山天文台);School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学天文与空间科学学院);Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG(格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学,法国国家科学研究中心,IPAG);School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University(西南交通大学物理科学与技术学院);School of Natural Sciences, Center for Astronomy, University of Galway(戈尔韦大学自然科学与天文学中心);Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA)(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所)
Dust properties and disk structure of evolved protoplanetary disks in Cep OB2: Grain growth, settling, gas and dust mass, and inside-out evolution
本文给出了Cep OB 2区34颗中低质量恒星的31个TTS和IRAM/1.3mm观测的Spitzer/IRS光谱。包括我们以前发表的数据,我们分析了56个TTS和3个中等质量的恒星在Tr 37(~ 400万年)和NGC 7160(~ 1200万年)的硅酸盐特征。硅酸盐发射特征很好地再现与无定形(橄榄石,镁橄榄石,和二氧化硅化学计量)和结晶颗粒(镁橄榄石,顽火辉石)的混合物。我们探索晶粒尺寸和磁盘结构使用辐射转移磁盘模型,发现大多数对象遭受了重大的演变(晶粒生长,沉降)。大约有一半的磁盘显示由内而外的演变,要么灰尘清除内孔或径向依赖的灰尘分布,通常有较大的颗粒和更多的沉淀在最里面的磁盘。典型的强硅酸盐的功能,但需要存在的小灰尘颗粒,并可以解释为根据颗粒大小,异常的灰尘分布,和/或光学薄的尘埃种群内磁盘间隙的差异沉降。M型恒星往往比K型天体有更弱的硅酸盐发射和更陡的SED。推断出的低尘埃质量与相对较高的气体吸积率形成强烈对比,表明全球颗粒生长和/或异常的气尘比。过渡盘(TD)在Cep OB 2区域显示强烈的加工颗粒,这表明它们主要是由尘埃演化和沉降。最后,罕见但引人注目的在年老时具有强烈吸积作用的盘的存在揭示了一些非常巨大的盘可能仍然存在于颗粒生长,引力不稳定和行星形成中。
Modeling the curved dust sublimation front in protoplanetary disks: a potential probe of midplane turbulence
Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México(墨西哥国立自治大学天文研究所);Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan(密歇根大学天文学系);Departamento de Física, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara(瓜达拉哈拉大学CUCEI物理系);Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México(墨西哥国立自治大学射电天文学与天体物理研究所)