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arXiv 2103.16875astro-ph.EP
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早期热演化和碰撞对冰质微行星的修改:彗星和小KBO形成时间和初始尺寸的限制

Modification of icy planetesimals by early thermal evolution and collisions: Constraints for formation time and initial size of comets and small KBOs

Gregor Golabek, Martin Jutzi

摘要:

彗星和小型柯伊伯带天体被认为是太阳系中最原始的天体之一,因为像C/1995 O 1 Hale-Bopp这样的彗星富含像CO这样的高度挥发性冰。在这里,我们采用二维有限差分数值模型来研究这些对象的内部热演化,在那里我们改变形成时间,半径和岩石冰质量分数。此外,我们执行不同的碰撞参量的三维SPH碰撞模型,从而考虑到陨石坑和灾难性的破坏事件。结合这两个数值模型的结果,我们估计在何种条件下,高挥发性的冰,如CO,CO2和NH3可以保留在现今的彗星和柯伊伯带物体。我们的研究结果表明,对于目前的对象来自最大的碰撞后残留物的内部热演化控制剩余的高度挥发性冰的量,而从未绑定的碰撞后材料形成的对象的影响加热是占主导地位的。最后,我们将我们的结果应用到今天的彗星和柯伊伯带天体,如67 P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko,C/1995 O 1 Hale-Bopp和(486958)Arrokoth。

英文摘要:

Comets and small Kuiper belt objects are considered to be among the most primitive objects in the solar system as comets like C/1995 O1 Hale-Bopp are rich in highly volatile ices like CO. It has been suggested that early in the solar system evolution the precursors of both groups, the so-called icy planetesimals, were modified by both short-lived radiogenic heating and collisional heating. Here we employ 2D finite-difference numerical models to study the internal thermal evolution of these objects, where we vary formation time, radius and rock-to-ice mass fraction. Additionally we perform 3D SPH collision models with different impact parameters, thus considering both cratering and catastrophic disruption events. Combining the results of both numerical models we estimate under which conditions highly volatile ices like CO, CO2 and NH3 can be retained inside present-day comets and Kuiper belt objects. Our results indicate that for present-day objects derived from the largest post-collision remnant the internal thermal evolution controls the amount of remaining highly volatile ices, while for the objects formed from unbound post-collision material the impact heating is dominant. Finally we apply our results to present-day comets and Kuiper belt objects like 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, C/1995 O1 Hale-Bopp and (486958) Arrokoth.

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