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arXiv 1204.5035astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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雪线外多孔尘埃聚集体的快速凝聚:一条通往成功的冰质星子形成的途径

Rapid Coagulation of Porous Dust Aggregates Outside the Snow Line: A Pathway to Successful Icy Planetesimal Formation

Satoshi Okuzumi, Hidekazu Tanaka, Hiroshi Kobayashi, Koji Wada

摘要:

宏观尘埃粒子的快速轨道漂移是原行星盘中星子形成的主要障碍之一。我们重新审视这个问题,考虑孔隙度的尘埃聚集体的演变。我们应用最近的N体模拟聚集体碰撞的基础上的孔隙度模型,这使我们能够研究的孔隙度变化时,碰撞的影响范围很广的能量。作为第一步,我们忽略碰撞碎片,而是专注于尘埃的雪线外的演变,在那里的碎片已被建议是不太重要的雪线内,因为高粘附效率的冰粒。我们表明,即使考虑碰撞压缩,尘埃颗粒也可以演化成高度多孔的聚集体(内部密度远小于0.1 g/cm^3)。我们还表明,高孔隙率触发显着加速碰撞生长。这种加速度是粒子在低努森数下的空气动力学性质的自然结果,即,粒子半径大于气体分子的平均自由程。由于这种快速增长,高度多孔聚集体被发现克服径向漂移障碍,在轨道半径小于10 AU(假设最小质量的太阳星云模型)。这表明,如果碰撞碎裂真的微不足道,那么通过亚微米大小的冰粒子的直接碰撞生长,冰星子的形成是可能的。

英文摘要:

Rapid orbital drift of macroscopic dust particles is one of the major obstacles against planetesimal formation in protoplanetary disks. We reexamine this problem by considering porosity evolution of dust aggregates. We apply a porosity model based on recent N-body simulations of aggregate collisions, which allows us to study the porosity change upon collision for a wide range of impact energies. As a first step, we neglect collisional fragmentation and instead focus on dust evolution outside the snow line, where the fragmentation has been suggested to be less significant than inside the snow line because of a high sticking efficiency of icy particles. We show that dust particles can evolve into highly porous aggregates (with internal densities of much less than 0.1 g/cm^3) even if collisional compression is taken into account. We also show that the high porosity triggers significant acceleration in collisional growth. This acceleration is a natural consequence of particles' aerodynamical property at low Knudsen numbers, i.e., at particle radii larger than the mean free path of the gas molecules. Thanks to this rapid growth, the highly porous aggregates are found to overcome the radial drift barrier at orbital radii less than 10 AU (assuming the minimum-mass solar nebula model). This suggests that, if collisional fragmentation is truly insignificant, formation of icy planetesimals is possible via direct collisional growth of submicron-sized icy particles.

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