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arXiv 2103.08476astro-ph.HE
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吸积中子星I型X射线暴中的膨胀大气与星风

Expanded atmospheres and winds in Type I X-ray bursts from accreting neutron stars

Simon Guichandut, Andrew Cumming, Maurizio Falanga, Zhaosheng Li, Michael Zamfir

AI总结:

本文通过构建含广义相对论效应的辐射驱动超爱丁顿星风与静态膨胀包层稳态模型,研究I型X射线暴中光球半径演化,并指出静态模型在暴上升阶段不适用、触地通量解释存在系统不确定性以及光球光谱移动主要由引力红移主导。

摘要:

我们计算了I型X射线暴中由高光度引起的中子星辐射驱动超爱丁顿星风的稳态模型以及静态膨胀包层模型。我们使用限流扩散来模拟从光学厚到光学薄的过渡,并纳入广义相对论效应,从而能够研究当流体静力学大气演化为星风时靠近恒星的光球半径。我们发现光球半径从静态包层($r_{\rm ph}\lesssim 50-70$ km)单调演化为星风($r_{\rm ph}\approx 100-1000$ km)。在大多数光球半径膨胀暴中观测到的、小于$100$ km的光球半径可以由静态包层解释,但仅在一个很窄的光度范围内成立。在大多数暴中,我们预期光度会进一步增加,从而导致光球半径$\gtrsim 100$ km的星风。在收缩阶段,膨胀包层解表明,当有效温度仅比其最大值低$3\\%$时,光球仍位于恒星表面上方约$1$ km处。这是在触地时刻解释测得爱丁顿通量时可能存在的一项系统不确定性。我们还讨论了稳态模型用于描述暴的动力学过程的适用性。特别是,我们表明暴上升期间从亚爱丁顿到超爱丁顿的转变足够迅速,因此静态模型并不适用。最后,我们分析了模型中光谱移动的强度。光球处预期的移动主要由引力红移主导,因此预计小于百分之几。

英文摘要:

We calculate steady-state models of radiation-driven super-Eddington winds and static expanded envelopes of neutron stars caused by high luminosities in type I X-ray bursts. We use flux-limited diffusion to model the transition from optically thick to optically thin, and include effects of general relativity, allowing us to study the photospheric radius close to the star as the hydrostatic atmosphere evolves into a wind. We find that the photospheric radius evolves monotonically from static envelopes ($r_{\rm ph}\lesssim 50-70$ km) to winds ($r_{\rm ph}\approx 100-1000$ km). Photospheric radii of less than $100$ km, as observed in most photospheric radius expansion bursts, can be explained by static envelopes, but only in a narrow range of luminosity. In most bursts, we would expect the luminosity to increase further, leading to a wind with photospheric radius $\gtrsim 100$ km. In the contraction phase, the expanded envelope solutions show that the photosphere is still $\approx 1$ km above the surface when the effective temperature is only $3\%$ away from its maximum value. This is a possible systematic uncertainty when interpreting the measured Eddington fluxes from bursts at touchdown. We also discuss the applicability of steady-state models to describe the dynamics of bursts. In particular, we show that the sub to super-Eddington transition during the burst rise is rapid enough that static models are not appropriate. Finally, we analyze the strength of spectral shifts in our models. Expected shifts at the photosphere are dominated by gravitational redshift, and are therefore predicted to be less than a few percent.

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