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arXiv 2103.04996astro-ph.EPastro-ph.IMastro-ph.SR
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恒星表面的空间分辨光谱学。五.观测前景:探测类地系外行星

Spatially resolved spectroscopy across stellar surfaces. V. Observational prospects: Toward Earth-like exoplanet detection

Dainis Dravins, Hans-Günter Ludwig, Bernd Freytag

摘要:

测试恒星大气的三维流体动力学模型是可行的检索谱线形状的恒星盘,在系外行星凌日期间使用差分光谱。从超高光谱分辨率的合成数据,FeI和FeII线的特征模式在论文IV中从跨越T=3964- 6726 K的3D模型中识别出来(光谱型约为1000 K)。K8V-F3V)。在普通的光谱分辨率和噪声的存在下,不同的强度,激发电位和电离水平的线之间的图案的可观测性进行检查。三维大气中的时间变化引起谱线参数的变化,其中一些是相关的。适当的校准可以识别表观径向速度抖动的代理,以调整实际的恒星径向运动。我们还研究了中心到肢体的时间变异性。针对各种噪声水平,显示了具有拟合宽度和深度的空间分辨线轮廓的恢复。模拟了系外行星过境期间的信号。除了Rossiter-McLaughlin型特征的视径向速度,类似的效果线的深度和宽度。通过系外行星凌日,已经可以通过适度的努力检索宽度、深度和波长位置的总体恒星谱线参数,但是需要非常好的信噪比来揭示谱线分组之间更微妙的特征,其中对大气结构的更精细细节进行编码。在一个太阳模型中,时间变化显示了视径向速度抖动和线深度波动之间的相关性。由于线深度的波动和波长的抖动都可以从地面测量,因此搜索低质量系外行星应该探索这些因素,以调整视径向速度以适应实际的恒星运动。

英文摘要:

Testing 3D hydrodynamic models of stellar atmospheres is feasible by retrieving spectral line shapes across stellar disks, using differential spectroscopy during exoplanet transits. From synthetic data at hyper-high spectral resolution, characteristic patterns for FeI and FeII lines were identified in Paper IV from 3D models spanning T=3964-6726K (spectral types approx. K8V-F3V). The observability of patterns among lines of different strength, excitation potential and ionization level are now examined, as observed at ordinary spectral resolutions and in the presence of noise. Time variability in 3D atmospheres induces changes in spectral-line parameters, some of which are correlated. An adequate calibration could identify proxies for the jitter in apparent radial velocity to enable adjustments to actual stellar radial motion. We also examined the center-to-limb temporal variability. Recovery of spatially resolved line profiles with fitted widths and depths is shown for various noise levels. Signals during exoplanet transit are simulated. In addition to Rossiter-McLaughlin type signatures in apparent radial velocity, analogous effects are shown for line depths and widths. From exoplanet transits, overall stellar line parameters of width, depth and wavelength position can be retrieved already with moderate efforts, but a very good signal-to-noise ratio is required to reveal the more subtle signatures between subgroups of spectral lines, where finer details of atmospheric structure are encoded. In a solar model, temporal variability shows correlations between jittering in apparent radial velocity and fluctuations in line depth. Since both fluctuations in line depth and jittering in wavelength can be measured from the ground, searches for low-mass exoplanets should explore these to adjust apparent radial velocities to actual stellar motion.

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