arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2009.02173astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EP
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演化中的地球和年轻系外行星的银河系cosmic ray强度

The Galactic cosmic ray intensity at the evolving Earth and young exoplanets

D. Rodgers-Lee, A. A. Vidotto, A. M. Taylor, P. B. Rimmer, T. P. Downes

摘要:

宇宙射线可能有助于地球上生命的开始。在这里,我们调查的银河宇宙射线光谱在地球上的年龄$t = 0.6-6.0\,$ Gyr的演变。我们使用一个1D宇宙线输运模型和一个1.5D恒星风模型来推导太阳型恒星风的演化特性。在$t=1\,$ Gyr,大约在地球上生命被认为已经开始的时候,我们发现$\sim$ GeV银河宇宙射线的强度将比现在的值小$\sim10$倍。在较低的动能下,银河宇宙线调制会更加严重。更一般地说,我们发现,低能量银河宇宙射线的差异强度在年轻的年龄减少,很好地描述了一个破碎的幂律太阳自转速率。给出了不同年龄银河系宇宙线在地球轨道上的谱的解析公式。我们的模型也适用于其他太阳型恒星的系外行星在不同半径的轨道。具体来说,我们使用我们的银河系宇宙射线光谱在20 $\,$天文单位的$t=600\,$ Myr估计宇宙射线在HR $\,$ 2562 b,一个直接成像的系外行星轨道的年轻的太阳型恒星的大气中的渗透。我们发现大多数粒子$<0.1$ GeV在压力$\gtrsim10^{-5}\,$ bar下衰减,因此不能到达低于$\sim100\,$ km的高度。在观测上限制温暖的木星大气层中的银河宇宙射线光谱,反过来又有助于限制到达年轻的类地系外行星的宇宙射线通量。

英文摘要:

Cosmic rays may have contributed to the start of life on Earth. Here, we investigate the evolution of the Galactic cosmic ray spectrum at Earth from ages $t = 0.6-6.0\,$Gyr. We use a 1D cosmic ray transport model and a 1.5D stellar wind model to derive the evolving wind properties of a solar-type star. At $t=1\,$Gyr, approximately when life is thought to have begun on Earth, we find that the intensity of $\sim$GeV Galactic cosmic rays would have been $\sim10$ times smaller than the present-day value. At lower kinetic energies, Galactic cosmic ray modulation would have been even more severe. More generally, we find that the differential intensity of low energy Galactic cosmic rays decreases at younger ages and is well described by a broken power-law in solar rotation rate. We provide an analytic formula of our Galactic cosmic ray spectra at Earth's orbit for different ages. Our model is also applicable to other solar-type stars with exoplanets orbiting at different radii. Specifically, we use our Galactic cosmic ray spectrum at 20$\,$au for $t=600\,$Myr to estimate the penetration of cosmic rays in the atmosphere of HR$\,$2562b, a directly imaged exoplanet orbiting a young solar-type star. We find that the majority of particles $<0.1$GeV are attenuated at pressures $\gtrsim10^{-5}\,$bar and thus do not reach altitudes below $\sim100\,$km. Observationally constraining the Galactic cosmic ray spectrum in the atmosphere of a warm Jupiter would in turn help constrain the flux of cosmic rays reaching young Earth-like exoplanets.

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