It is shown that every weak Jacobi form of weight zero and index one on a congruence subgroup of the full Jacobi group can be decomposed into $N=4$ superconformal characters. Additionally, a simple expression for the mock modular form determining the superconformal character coefficients is obtained, as well as a universal completion structure. Along the way, a useful vector-valued mock modular form is also found and studied. These results are applied to analyze some Jacobi trace functions associated to super vertex operator algebras and a distinguished sector.
We classify the optimal mock Jacobi forms of weight one with rational coefficients. The space they span is thirty-four-dimensional, and admits a distinguished basis parameterized by genus zero groups of isometries of the hyperbolic plane. We show that their Fourier coefficients can be expressed explicitly in terms of singular moduli, and obtain positivity conditions which distinguish the optimal mock Jacobi forms that appear in umbral moonshine. We find that all of Ramanujan's mock theta functions can be expressed simply in terms of the optimal mock Jacobi forms with rational coefficients.
Using techniques from the theory of mock modular forms and harmonic Maass forms, especially Weierstrass mock modular forms, we establish several dimension formulas for certain strongly rational, holomorphic vertex operator algebras, complementing previous work by van Ekeren, Möller, and Scheithauer.
We show that some $q$-series such as universal mock theta functions are linear sums of theta quotients and mock Jacobi forms of weight 1/2, which become holomorphic parts of real analytic modular forms when they are restricted to torsion points and multiplied by suitable powers of $q$. And we prove that certain linear sums of $q$-series are weakly holomorphic modular forms of weight 1/2 due to annihilation of mock Jacobi forms or completion by mock Jacobi forms. As an application, we obtain a relation between the rank and crank of a partition.
In this paper, we consider the question of correcting mock modular forms in order to obtain $p$-adic modular forms. In certain cases we show that a mock modular form $M^+$ is a $p$-adic modular form. Furthermore, we prove that otherwise the unique correction of $M^+$ is intimately related to the shadow of $M^+$.
In recent work of Bringmann, Guerzhoy, and the first author, p-adic modular forms were constructed from mock modular forms. This paper proves explicit congruences for these p-adic modular forms.
Mixed mock modular forms are functions which lie in the tensor space of mock modular forms and modular forms. As q-hypergeometric series, mixed mock modular forms appear to be much more common than mock theta functions. In this survey, we discuss some of the ways such series arise.
We survey divisibility properties of the Fourier coefficients of modular functions inspired by Ramanujan. Then using recent results of the generalized Hecke operator on harmonic Maass functions and known divisibility of Fourier coefficients of modular functions, we establish congruence relations of the Fourier coefficients of certain modular functions and mock modular functions of various levles.
We express a family of Hecke--Appell-type sums of Hikami and Lovejoy in terms of mixed mock modular forms; in particular, we express the sums in terms of Appell functions and theta functions. Hikami and Lovejoy's family of Hecke--Appell-type sums was obtained by considering certain duals of generalized quantum modular forms.
In this note, we explicitly construct mock modular forms with integral Fourier coefficients by evaluating regularized Petersson inner products involving their shadows, which are unary theta functions of weights 1/2 and 3/2 . In addition, we also improve the known bounds for the denominators of the coefficients of mock modular forms whose shadows are holomorphic weight one cusp forms constructed by Hecke.
In 2013, Lemke Oliver classified all eta-quotients which are theta functions. In this paper, we unify the eta-theta functions by constructing mock modular forms from the eta-theta functions with even characters, such that the shadows of these mock modular forms are given by the eta-theta functions with odd characters. In addition, we prove that our mock modular forms are quantum modular forms. As corollaries, we establish simple finite hypergeometric expressions which may be used to evaluate Eichler integrals of the odd eta-theta functions, as well as some curious algebraic identities.
We construct harmonic weak Maass forms that map to cusp forms of weight $k\geq 2$ with rational coefficients under the $ξ$-operator. This generalizes work of the first author, Griffin, Ono, and Rolen, who constructed distinguished preimages under this differential operator of weight $2$ newforms associated to rational elliptic curves using the classical Weierstrass theory of elliptic functions. We extend this theory and construct a vector-valued Jacobi--Weierstrass $ζ$-function which is a generalization of the classical Weierstrass $ζ$-function.
Utilizing a classification due to Lemke Oliver of eta-quotients which are also theta functions (here called eta-theta functions), Folsom, Garthwaite, Kang, Treneer, and the fourth author constructed a catalog of mock modular forms $V_{mn}$ having weight $3/2$ eta-theta function shadows and showed that these mock modular forms when viewed on certain sets of rationals, transform as quantum modular forms under the action of explicit subgroups. In this paper, we introduce an infinite class of functions that generalizes one row of the catalog, namely the $V_{m1}$, and show that the functions in thi…
We construct a natural basis for the space of weak harmonic Maass forms of weight 5/2 on the full modular group. The non-holomorphic part of the first element of this basis encodes the values of the ordinary partition function p(n). We obtain a formula for the coefficients of the mock modular forms of weight 5/2 in terms of regularized inner products of weakly holomorphic modular forms of weight -1/2, and we obtain Hecke-type relations among these mock modular forms.
Mock modular forms have their origins in Ramanujan's pioneering work on mock theta functions. In a 1975 paper, Zagier proved certain transformation properties of the generating function of the Hurwitz class numbers $H(n)$ for the discriminant $(-n)$. In the modern framework, these results show that the generating function of $H(n)$ is a mock modular form of weight 3/2 with the theta function being the shadow. In this expository paper, we provide a detailed proof of Zagier's result.
Using results from Ramanujan's lost notebook, Zudilin recently gave an insightful proof of a radial limit result of Folsom, Ono, and Rhoades for mock theta functions. Here we see that the author's previous work on the dual nature of Appell--Lerch sums and partial theta functions and on constructing bilateral $q$-series with mixed mock modular behaviour is well-suited for such radial limits. We present five more radial limit results which follow from mixed mock modular bilateral $q$-hypergeometric series. We also obtain the mixed mock modular bilateral series for a universal mock theta function…
In this paper, we prove an almost 40 year old conjecture by H. Cohen concerning the generating function of the Hurwitz class number of quadratic forms using the theory of mock modular forms. This conjecture yields an infinite number of so far unproven class number relations.
Bringmann, Guerzhoy and Kane have shown how to correct mock modular forms by a certain linear combination of the Eichler integral of their shadows in order to obtain p-adic modular forms in the sense of Serre. In this paper, we give a new proof of their results (for good primes p) by employing the geometric theory of harmonic Maass forms developed by the first author and the theory of overconvergent modular forms due to Katz and Coleman.
Using holomorphic projection, we work out a parametrization for all relations of products (resp. Rankin-Cohen brackets) of weight $\tfrac 32$ mock modular forms with holomorphic shadow and weight $\tfrac 12$ modular forms in the spirit of the Kronecker-Hurwitz class number relations. In particular we obtain new proofs for several class number relations among which some are classical, others are relatively new. We also obtain similar results for the mock theta functions.
In this paper, we compute the Zwegers's modification of the mock theta functions $Φ^{[m,0] \, \ast}$ and study the modular transformation properties of the indefinite modular forms which appear in the explicit formula for the modified functions $\tildeΦ^{[m,0] \, \ast}$.
Using a family of mock modular forms constructed by Zagier, we study the coefficients of a mock modular form of weight $3/2$ on $\operatorname{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$ modulo primes $\ell\geq 5$. These coefficients are related to the smallest parts function of Andrews. As an application, we reprove a theorem of Garvan regarding the properties of this function modulo $\ell$. As another application, we show that congruences modulo $\ell$ for the smallest parts function are rare in a precise sense.
The theory of elliptic modular forms has gained significant momentum from the discovery of relaxed yet well-behaved notions of modularity, such as mock modular forms, higher order modular forms, and iterated Eichler-Shimura integrals. Applications beyond number theory range from combinatorics, geometry, and representation theory to string theory and conformal field theory. We unify these relaxed notions in the framework of vector-valued modular forms by introducing a new class of $\mathrm{SL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z})$-representations: virtually real-arithmetic types. The key point of the paper is that …
Mock modular forms, which give the theoretical framework for Ramanujan's enigmatic mock theta functions, play many roles in mathematics. We study their role in the context of modular parameterizations of elliptic curves $E/\mathbb{Q}$. We show that mock modular forms which arise from Weierstrass $ζ$-functions encode the central $L$-values and $L$-derivatives which occur in the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture. By defining a theta lift using a kernel recently studied by Hövel, we obtain canonical weight 1/2 harmonic Maass forms whose Fourier coefficients encode the vanishing of these values…
We prove that the coefficients of certain mock theta functions possess no linear congruences modulo 3. We prove similar results for the moduli 2 and 3 for a wide class of weakly holomorphic modular forms and discuss applications. This extends work of Radu on the behavior of the ordinary partition function modulo 2 and 3.
We show that the meromorphic Jacobi form that counts the quarter-BPS states in N=4 string theories can be canonically decomposed as a sum of a mock Jacobi form and an Appell-Lerch sum. The quantum degeneracies of single-centered black holes are Fourier coefficients of this mock Jacobi form, while the Appell-Lerch sum captures the degeneracies of multi-centered black holes which decay upon wall-crossing. The completion of the mock Jacobi form restores the modular symmetries expected from $AdS_3/CFT_2$ holography but has a holomorphic anomaly reflecting the non-compactness of the microscopic CFT…
The mock theta conjectures are ten identities involving Ramanujan's fifth-order mock theta functions. The conjectures were proven by Hickerson in 1988 using q-series methods. Using methods from the theory of harmonic Maass forms, specifically work of Zwegers and Bringmann-Ono, Folsom reduced the proof of the mock theta conjectures to a finite computation. Both of these approaches involve proving the identities individually, relying on work of Andrews-Garvan. Here we give a unified proof of the mock theta conjectures by realizing them as an equality between two nonholomorphic vector-valued modu…
In this paper, we consider sums of class numbers of the type $\sum_{m\equiv a\pmod{p}} H(4n-m^2)$, where $p$ is an odd prime, $n\in \mathbb{N},$ and $a\in \mathbb{Z}$. By showing that these are coefficients of mixed mock modular forms, we obtain explicit formulas. Using these formulas for $p=5$ and $7$, we then prove a conjecture of Brown et al. in the case that $n=\ell$ is prime.
The modular transformations of Ramanujan's tenth order mock theta functions are computed, beginning from Choi's Hecke-type identites and using Zwegers' results on indefinite theta series. Explicit completions and shadows are found as an intermediate step. Our result for the modular transformations confirms numerical work by Gordon and McIntosh, and a recent conjecture by Cheng, Duncan, and Harvey.
The purpose of this article is to give a simple and explicit construction of mock modular forms whose shadows are Eisenstein series of arbitrary integral weight, level, and character. As application, we construct forms whose shadows are Hecke's Eisenstein series of weight one associated to imaginary quadratic fields, recovering some results by Kudla, Rapoport and Yang (1999), and Schofer (2009), and forms whose shadows equal $Θ^{2k}(z)$ for $k\in \{1,2,3,4\}$, where $Θ(z)$ denotes Jacobi's theta function.
The primary goal of this paper is to construct the basis of the space of weight 3/2 mock modular forms which is an extension of the Borcherd-Zagier basis of weight 3/2 weakly holomorphic modular forms. The shadows of the members of this basis form the Borcherds- Zagier basis of the space of weight 1/2 weakly holomorphic modular forms. For the purpose, we use a weak Maass-Poincaré Series. The secondary goal is to provide a full computation of the Fourier coefficients for the weak Maass-Poincaré Series in most general form as a weak Maass-Poincaré Series has played a key role in the recent advan…
Let $f(q)$ denote Ramanujan's mock theta function \[f(q) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} a(n) q^{n} := 1+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{q^{n^{2}}}{(1+q)^{2}(1+q^{2})^{2}\cdots(1+q^{n})^{2}}.\] It is known that there are many linear congruences for the coefficients of $f(q)$ and other mock theta functions. We prove that if the linear congruence $a(mn+t) \equiv 0 \pmod{\ell}$ holds for some prime $\ell \geq 5$, then $\ell | m$ and $(\frac{24t-1}{\ell}) \neq (\frac{-1}{\ell})$. We prove analogous results for the mock theta function $ω(q)$ and for a large class of weakly holomorphic modular forms which includes …
Unary theta functions have played a significant role in the theory of holomorphic modular forms and modular $L$-functions. A partial theta functions is defined analogously, but the sum is over part of the integer lattice. Such sums fail to have modular properties. We give a construction which unifies these partial theta functions with the mock theta function introduced by Ramanujan. The modularity of Ramanujan's mock theta functions has only recently been understood by the work of Sander Zwegers.
We investigate the modular properties of a new partition rank, the $M_d$-rank of overpartitions. In fact this is an infinite family of ranks, indexed by the positive integer $d$, that gives both the Dyson rank of overpartitions and the overpartition $M_2$-rank as special cases. The $M_d$-rank of overpartitions is the holomorphic part of a certain harmonic Maass form of weight $\frac{1}{2}$. We give the exact transformation of this harmonic Maass form along with a few identities for the $M_d$-rank.
By the theory of Eisenstein series, generating functions of various divisor functions arise as modular forms. It is natural to ask whether further divisor functions arise systematically in the theory of mock modular forms. We establish, using the method of Zagier and Zwegers on holomorphic projection, that this is indeed the case for certain (twisted) "small divisors" summatory functions $σ_ψ^{\mathrm{sm}}(n)$. More precisely, in terms of the weight 2 quasimodular Eisenstein series $E_2(τ)$ and a generic Shimura theta function $θ_ψ(τ)$, we show that there is a constant $α_ψ$ for which $$ \math…
Sander Zwegers showed that Ramanujan's mock theta functions are $q$-hypergeometric series, whose $q$-expansion coefficients are half of the Fourier coefficients of a non-holomorphic modular form. George Andrews, Henri Cohen, Freeman Dyson, and Dean Hickerson found a pair of $q$-hypergeometric series each of which contains half of the Fourier coefficients of Maass waveform of eigenvalue $1/4$. This series of papers shows that a $q$-series construction, called ``renormalization'', yields the other half of the Fourier coefficients from a series which contains half of them. This construction unifi…
In Ramanujan's final letter to Hardy, he listed examples of a strange new class of infinite series he called "mock theta functions". It turns out all of these examples are essentially specializations of a so-called universal mock theta function $g_3(z,q)$ of Gordon-McIntosh. Here we show that $g_3$ arises naturally from the reciprocal of the classical Jacobi triple product -- and is intimately tied to rank generating functions for unimodal sequences, which are connected to mock modular and quantum modular forms -- under the action of an operator related to statistical physics and partition the…
The modular properties of characters of representations of a family of W-superalgebras extending the affine Lie superalgebra of gl(1|1) are considered. Modules fall into two classes, the generic type and the non-generic one. Characters of non-generic modules are expressed in terms of higher-level Appell-Lerch sums. We compute the modular transformations of characters and interpret the Mordell integral as an integral over characters of generic representations. The \C-span of a finite number of non-generic characters together with an uncountable set of characters of the generic type combine into…
Zagier introduced special bases for weakly holomorphic modular forms to give the new proof of Borcherds' theorem on the infinite product expansions of integer weight modular forms on $\SL_2(\ZZ)$ with a Heegner divisor. These good bases appear in pairs, and they satisfy a striking duality, which is now called the Zagier duality. After the result of Zagier, this type duality was studied broadly in various view points including the theory of a mock modular form. In this paper, we consider this problem with the Eichler cohomology theory, especially the supplementary function theory developed by K…
Ramanujan studied the analytic properties of many $q$-hypergeometric series. Of those, mock theta functions have been particularly intriguing, and by work of Zwegers, we now know how these curious $q$-series fit into the theory of automorphic forms. The analytic theory of partial theta functions however, which have $q$-expansions resembling modular theta functions, is not well understood. Here we consider families of $q$-hypergeometric series which converge in two disjoint domains. In one domain, we show that these series are often equal to one another, and define mock theta functions, includi…
Classical mock modular and quantum modular forms are known to have an intimate relationship with Mordell integrals thanks to Zwegers' groundbreaking PhD thesis. More recently, generalisations of mock/quantum modular forms to so-called "higher depth" versions have been intensively studied. In essence, a mock/quantum modular form of depth $d$ is such that the error of modularity transforms as another mock/quantum modular form of depth $d - 1$. In this short note we use techniques of Bringmann, Kaszian, and Milas to show that the double Eichler integrals of a family of depth two quantum modular f…
By work of Bringmann, Ono, and Rhoades it is known that the generating function of the $M_2$-rank of partitions without repeated odd parts is the so-called holomorphic part of a certain harmonic Maass form. Here we improve the standing of this function as a harmonic Maass form and show more can be done with this function. In particular we show the related harmonic Maass form transforms like the generating function for partitions without repeated odd parts (which is a modular form). We then use these improvements to determine formulas for the rank differences modulo $7$. Additionally we give id…
Zagier's well-known work on traces of singular moduli relates the coefficients of certain weakly holomorphic modular forms of weight $1/2$ to traces of values of the modular $j$-function at imaginary quadratic points. A real quadratic analogue was recently studied by Duke, Imamoglu, and Tóth. They showed that the coefficients of certain weight $1/2$ mock modular forms \[ f_D = \sum_{d>0} a(d,D) q^d, \qquad D>0 \] are given in terms of traces of cycle integrals of the $j$-function. Their result applies to those coefficients $a(d,D)$ for which $dD$ is not a square. Recently Bruinier, Funke, and …
We consider double scaled little string theory on $K3$. These theories are labelled by a positive integer $k \ge 2$ and an $ADE$ root lattice with Coxeter number $k$. We count BPS fundamental string states in the holographic dual of this theory using the superconformal field theory $K3 \times \left( \frac{SL(2,\mathbb{R})_k}{U(1)} \times \frac{SU(2)_k}{U(1)} \right) \big/ \mathbb{Z}_k$. We show that the BPS fundamental string states that are counted by the second helicity supertrace of this theory give rise to weight two mixed mock modular forms. We compute the helicity supertraces using two s…
Squashed toric sigma models are a class of sigma models whose target space is a toric manifold in which the torus fibration is squashed away from the fixed points so as to produce a neck-like region. The elliptic genera of squashed toric-Calabi-Yau manifolds are known to obey the modular transformation property of holomorphic Jacobi forms, but have an explicit non-holomorphic dependence on the modular parameter. The elliptic genus of the simplest one-dimensional example is known to be a mixed mock Jacobi form, but the precise automorphic nature for the general case remained to be understood. W…
We give a geometrical construction of the canonical automorphic factor for the Jacobi group and construct new vector valued modular forms from Jacobi forms by differentiating them with respect to toroidal variables and then evaluating at zero.
In this paper we first prove an isomorphism between certain spaces of Jacobi forms. Using this isomorphism, we study the mod $p$ theory of Hermitian Jacobi forms over $\mathbb{Q}(i)$. We then apply the mod $p$ theory of Hermitian Jacobi forms to characterize $U(p)$ congruences and to study Ramanujan-type congruences for Hermitian Jacobi forms and Hermitian modular forms of degree $2$ over $\mathbb{Q}(i)$.
We study families of partitions with gap conditions that were introduced by Schur and Andrews, and describe their fundamental connections to combinatorial q-series and automorphic forms. In particular, we show that the generating functions for these families naturally lead to deep identities for theta functions and Hickerson's universal mock theta function, which provides a very general answer to Andrews' Conjecture on the modularity of the Schur-type generating function. Furthermore, we also complete the second part of Andrews' speculation by determining the asymptotic behavior of these funct…
Hurwitz class number relations and mock modular forms
University of Cologne（科隆大学）；Soochow University（东吴大学）；The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学）；National Taiwan University（台湾大学）；National Center for Theoretical Sciences（国家理论科学中心）
In this work we obtain algebraicity results on special $L$-values attached to Siegel-Jacobi modular forms. Our method relies on a generalization of the doubling method to the Jacobi group obtained in our previous work, and on introducing a notion of near holomorphy for Siegel-Jacobi modular forms. Some of our results involve also holomorphic projection, which we obtain by using Siegel-Jacobi Poincaré series of exponential type.
In this work we study the analytic properties of the standard L-function attached to Siegel-Jacobi modular forms of higher index, generalizing previous results of Arakawa and Murase. Furthermore, we obtain algebraicity results on special L-values in the spirit of Deligne's Period Conjectures.
