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arXiv 2103.03889astro-ph.GAastro-ph.IM
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分解自调节星际介质中H/H $_2$和C $^+$ / C/CO分布的金属丰度依赖性

Metallicity dependence of the H/H$_2$ and C$^+$/C/CO distributions in a resolved self-regulating interstellar medium

Chia-Yu Hu, Amiel Sternberg, Ewine F. van Dishoeck

摘要:

本文研究了自调节星际介质(ISM)中H/H $_2$和C $^+$ /C/CO分布在宽金属丰度($0.1 < Z/Z_\odot < 3$)范围内的金属丰度依赖性。为此,我们进行高分辨率(粒子质量的$1\ {\rm M_\odot}$)流体动力学模拟加上一个随时间变化的H $_2$化学网络。然后用精确的化学网络对结果进行后处理,以基于时间依赖性非稳态("非平衡“)H $_2$丰度来模拟相关的C $^+$ /C/CO丰度。我们发现,时间平均恒星形成率和ISM结构是不敏感的金属丰度。与分子屏蔽有关的柱密度似乎与重力不稳定气体的体积密度有关。随着金属丰度的降低,H $_2$逐渐偏离稳态("平衡“),并显示浅丰度分布,直到它们在光解离前沿急剧截断。相比之下,CO的轮廓是尖锐的,并通过光解离控制,因为CO迅速达到稳态。我们构建了有效的一维云模型,成功地捕捉模拟中的时间平均化学分布。在低金属丰度,稳态模型显着高估的H $_2$在扩散介质中的丰度。然而,高估的H $_2$对CO的影响很小。因此,CO暗H $_2$气体的质量分数显著低于完全稳态模型预测的质量分数。H $_2$ /C $^+$和H $_2$ /C的质量比都显示出比H $_2$ /CO更弱的对$Z^{\prime}$的依赖性,这潜在地表明在低$Z^{\prime}$的质量预算方面,C $^+$和C可以作为H $_2$的替代示踪剂。我们的后处理化学代码是公开的。

英文摘要:

We study the metallicity dependence of the H/H$_2$ and C$^+$/C/CO distributions in a self-regulated interstellar medium (ISM) across a broad range of metallicities ($0.1 < Z/Z_\odot < 3$). To this end, we conduct high-resolution (particle mass of $1\ {\rm M_\odot}$) hydrodynamical simulations coupled with a time-dependent H$_2$ chemistry network. The results are then post-processed with an accurate chemistry network to model the associated C$^+$/C/CO abundances, based on the time-dependent non-steady-state (``non-equilibrium'') H$_2$ abundances. We find that the time-averaged star formation rate and the ISM structure are insensitive to metallicity. The column densities relevant for molecular shielding appear correlated with the volume densities in gravitationally unstable gas. As metallicity decreases, H$_2$ progressively deviates from steady state (``equilibrium'') and shows shallow abundance profiles until they sharply truncate at the photodissociation fronts. In contrast, the CO profile is sharp and controlled by photodissociation as CO quickly reaches steady state. We construct effective one-dimensional cloud models that successfully capture the time-averaged chemical distributions in simulations. At low metallicities, the steady-state model significantly overestimates the abundance of H$_2$ in the diffuse medium. The overestimated H$_2$, however, has little impact on CO. Consequently, the mass fraction of CO-dark H$_2$ gas is significantly lower than what a fully steady-state model predicts. The mass ratios of H$_2$/C$^+$ and H$_2$/C both show a weaker dependence on $Z^{\prime}$ than H$_2$/CO, which potentially indicates that C$^+$ and C could be alternative tracers for H$_2$ at low $Z^{\prime}$ in terms of mass budget. Our chemistry code for post-processing is publicly available.

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