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arXiv 2102.06312astro-ph.GA
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极贫金属星周盘的引力碎裂

Gravitational Fragmentation of Extremely Metal-poor Circumstellar Discs

K. Shima, T. Hosokawa

摘要:

我们研究的引力破碎的拱星盘吸积极贫金属($Z \leq 10^{-3}$ Zsun)气体,进行了一套三维流体动力学模拟使用自适应网格细化代码恩佐。我们系统地跟踪了第一颗原恒星诞生后2000年的长期演化,包括$Z = 0$、$10^{-5}$、$10^{-4}$和$10^{-3}$ Zsun。我们发现,自引力团簇的数量的演变定性的变化与$Z$。由尘埃冷却引起的剧烈碎裂发生在金属贫乏的情况下,在$Z = 10^{-5}$和$10^{-4}$ Zsun暂时提供了大约10个自引力团块。然而,我们也表明,碎片化是一个非常零星的过程,在早期发作的碎片化后,团块的数量不断减少,因为它们合并在这些情况下。随着$Z$的增加,颗粒的破碎倾向于推迟,这表明在较低的密度下,颗粒的破碎是最有效的。结果,在$Z = 10^{-3}$ Zsun处,块数目保持最小,直到在后期阶段中开始椎间盘碎裂。我们还表明,团块的质量分布也取决于金属丰度。一个单一的或二元的团块比其他的大得多,只出现在$Z = 10^{-3}$ Zsun,而它们在较低的金属丰度下质量分布更均匀。我们认为,光盘碎片应该提供恒星的多个系统,但他们的性质急剧变化与微量的金属。

英文摘要:

We study the gravitational fragmentation of circumstellar discs accreting extremely metal-poor ($Z \leq 10^{-3}$ Zsun) gas, performing a suite of three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations using the adaptive mesh refinement code Enzo. We systematically follow the long-term evolution for 2000 years after the first protostar's birth, for the cases of $Z = 0$, $10^{-5}$, $10^{-4}$, and $10^{-3}$ Zsun. We show that evolution of number of self-gravitating clumps qualitatively changes with $Z$. Vigorous fragmentation induced by dust cooling occurs in the metal-poor cases, temporarily providing about 10 self-gravitating clumps at $Z = 10^{-5}$ and $10^{-4}$ Zsun. However, we also show that the fragmentation is a very sporadic process; after an early episode of the fragmentation, the number of clumps continuously decreases as they merge away in these cases. The vigorous fragmentation tends to occur later with the higher $Z$, reflecting that the dust-induced fragmentation is most efficient at the lower density. At $Z = 10^{-3}$ Zsun, as a result, the clump number stays smallest until the disc fragmentation starts in a late stage. We also show that the clump mass distribution also depends on the metallicity. A single or binary clump substantially more massive than the others appear only at $Z = 10^{-3}$ Zsun, whereas they are more evenly distributed in mass at the lower metallicities. We suggest that the disc fragmentation should provide the stellar multiple systems, but their properties drastically change with a tiny amount of metals.

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