Edileno de Almeida Santos, Sergio Rodrigues
We prove a Darboux-Jouanolou type theorem on the algebraic integrability of polynomial differential $r$-forms over arbitrary fields ($r\geq 1$). We also investigate the Darboux's method for producing integrating factors.
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Darboux's theorem and Jouanolou's theorem deal with the existence of first integrals and rational first integrals of a polynomial vector field. These results are given in terms of the degree of the polynomial vector field. Here we show that we can get the same kind of results if we consider the size of a Newton polytope associated to the vector field. Furthermore, we show that in this context the bound is optimal.
Darboux integrability of semidiscrete and discrete 2D Toda lattices corresponding to Lie algebras of A and C series is proved.
We apply the Darboux theory of integrability to polynomial ODE's of dimension 3. Using this theory and computer algebra, we study the existence of first integrals for the 3-dimensional Lotka-Volterra systems with polynomial invariant algebraic solutions linear and quadratic and determine numerous cases of integrability.
A method of integrable discretization of the Liouville type nonlinear partial differential equations is suggested based on integrals. New examples of discrete Liouville type models are presented.
The article investigates systems of differential-difference equations of hyperbolic type, integrable in sense of Darboux. The concept of a complete set of independent characteristic integrals underlying Darboux integrability is discussed. A close connection is found between integrals and characteristic Lie-Rinehart algebras of the system. It is proved that a system of equations is Darboux integrable if and only if its characteristic algebras in both directions are finite-dimensional.
In this paper, we present a method of deriving extended Prelle-Singer method's quantifiers from Darboux Polynomials for third-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. By knowing the Darboux polynomials and its cofactors, we extract the extended Prelle-Singer method's quantities without evaluating the Prelle-Singer method's determining equations. We consider three different cases of known Darboux polynomials. In the first case, we prove the integrability of the given third-order nonlinear equation by utilizing the Prelle-Singer method's quantifiers from the two known Darboux polynomials…
The Bertrand-Darboux integrability condition for a certain class of perturbed harmonic oscillators is studied from the viewpoint of the Birkhoff-Gustavson(BG)-normalization: By solving an inverse problem of the BG-normalization on computer algebra, it is shown that if the perturbed harmonic oscillators with a homogeneous-{\it cubic} polynomial potential and with a homogeneous-{\it quartic} polynomial potentials admit the same BG-normalization up to degree-4 then both oscillators satisfy the Bertrand-Darboux integrability condition.
In this paper we prove that the trapezoidal $H^{4}$ and the $H^{6}$ families of quad-equations are Darboux integrable systems. This result sheds light on the fact that such equations are linearizable as it was proved using the Algebraic Entropy test [G. Gubbiotti, C. Scimiterna and D. Levi, Algebraic entropy, symmetries and linearization for quad equations consistent on the cube, \emph{J. Nonlinear Math. Phys.}, 23(4):507543, 2016]. We conclude with some suggestions on how first integrals can be used to obtain general solutions.
In this paper we construct the general solutions of two families of quad-equations, namely the trapezoidal $H^{4}$ equations and the $H^{6}$ equations. These solutions are obtained exploiting the properties of the first integrals in the Darboux sense, which were derived in [Gubbiotti G., Yamilov R.I., J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 50 (2017), 345205, 26 pages, arXiv:1608.03506]. These first integrals are used to reduce the problem to the solution of some linear or linearizable non-autonomous ordinary difference equations which can be formally solved.
We consider equations that represent a constancy condition for a 2D Wronskian, mixed Wronskian-Casoratian and 2D Casoratian. These determinantal equations are shown to have the number of independent integrals equal to their order - this implies Darboux integrability. On the other hand, the recurrent formulas for the leading principal minors are equivalent to the 2D Toda equation and its semi-discrete and lattice analogues with particular boundary conditions (cut-off constraints). This connection is used to obtain recurrent formulas and closed-form expressions for integrals of the Toda-type equ…
The autonomous Hietarinta equation is a well-known example of the quad-graph discrete equation which is consistent around the cube. In a recent work, it was conjectured that this equation is Darboux integrable (i.e., for each of two independent discrete variables there exist non-trivial functions that remain unchanged on solutions of the equation after the shift in this discrete variable). We demonstrate that this conjecture is not true for generic values of the equation coefficients. To do this, we employ two-point invertible transformations introduced by R.I.~Yamilov. We prove that an autono…
Using a new definition of generalized divisors we prove that the lattice of such divisors for a given linear partial differential operator is modular and obtain analogues of the well-known theorems of the Loewy-Ore theory of factorization of linear ordinary differential operators. Possible applications to factorized Groebner bases computations in the commutative and non-commutative cases are discussed, an application to finding criterions of Darboux integrability of nonlinear PDEs is given.
On Bäcklund transformations preserving the Darboux integrability of hyperbolic equations
本文证明两类Bäcklund变换保持Darboux可积性，并用于检验方程列表完备性，由此构造了一个由三个二元任意函数参数化的新Darboux可积方程族。
We study the integrability in the Liouville sense of natural Hamiltonian systems with a homogeneous rational potential $V(\vq)$. Strong necessary conditions for the integrability of such systems were obtained by an analysis of differential Galois group of variational equations along certain particular solutions. These conditions have the form of arithmetic restrictions putted on eigenvalues of Hessian $V"(\vd)$ calculated at a non-zero solution $\vd$ of equation $\grad V(\vd)=\vd$. Such solutions are called proper Darboux points. It was recently proved that for generic polynomial homogeneous p…
These lecture notes are devoted to the integrability of discrete systems and their relation to the theory of Yang-Baxter (YB) maps. Lax pairs play a significant role in the integrability of discrete systems. We introduce the notion of Lax pair by considering the well-celebrated doubly-infinite Toda lattice. In particular, we present solution of the Cauchy initial value problem via the method of the inverse scattering transform, provide a review of scattering theory of Jacobi matrices, and give the Riemann-Hilbert formulation of the inverse scattering transform. On the other hand, the Lax-Darbo…
In our previous work \cite{LNS}, we constructed quasi-Casoratian solutions to the noncommutative $q$-difference two-dimensional Toda lattice ($q$-2DTL) equation by Darboux transformation, which we can prove produces the existing Casoratian solutions to the bilinear $q$-2DTL equation obtained by Hirota's bilinear method in commutative setting. It is actually true that one can not only construct solutions to soliton equations but also solutions to their corresponding B$\ddot{a}$cklund transformations by their Darboux transformations and binary Darboux transformations. To be more specific, eigenf…
The phase space structure of the oligopoly dynamical system by means of Darboux integrability
本文通过动态系统定性方法研究三家企业Cournot寡头动态的相空间结构，揭示了相空间中的一维和二维不变子流形及全局吸引子的特性，并探讨了系统可积性及达布多项式在寻找第一积分中的应用。
On the Second-Order Positive Burgers' Equation: Integrability, Lax Pair, Darboux Transformations, and Lie Symmetry Reduction
本文从标准Burgers层级推导出二阶正Burgers方程，通过多种方法确立其可积性，推导变换并分类行波等解，证明Hirota微扰级数有限截断，为相关领域理论理解提供支撑。
In this paper we derive new two-component integrable differential difference and partial difference systems by applying a Lax-Darboux scheme to an operator formed from an ${\mathfrak{sl}}_3({\mathbb{C}})$-based automorphic Lie algebra. The integrability of the found systems is demonstrated via Lax pairs and generalised symmetries.
This article is devoted to the partial difference quad-graph equations that can be represented in the form $φ(u(i+1,j),u(i+1,j+1))=ψ(u(i,j),u(i,j+1))$, where the map $(w,z) \rightarrow (φ(w,z),ψ(w,z))$ is injective. The transformation $v(i,j)=φ(u(i,j),u(i,j+1))$ relates any of such equations to a quad-graph equation. It is proved that this transformation maps Darboux integrable equations of the above form into Darboux integrable equations again and decreases the orders of the transformed integrals by one in the $j$-direction. As an application of this fact, the Darboux integrable equations pos…
We consider natural complex Hamiltonian systems with $n$ degrees of freedom given by a Hamiltonian function which is a sum of the standard kinetic energy and a homogeneous polynomial potential $V$ of degree $k>2$. The well known Morales-Ramis theorem gives the strongest known necessary conditions for the Liouville integrability of such systems. It states that for each $k$ there exists an explicitly known infinite set $\scM_k\subset\Q$ such that if the system is integrable, then all eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix $V''(\vd)$ calculated at a non-zero $\vd\in\C^n$ satisfying $V'(\vd)=\vd$, belo…
In this paper the problem of classification of integrable natural Hamiltonian systems with $n$ degrees of freedom given by a Hamilton function which is the sum of the standard kinetic energy and a homogeneous polynomial potential $V$ of degree $k>2$ is investigated. It is assumed that the potential is not generic. Except for some particular cases a potential $V$ is not generic, if it admits a nonzero solution of equation $V'(\vd)=0$. The existence of such solution gives very strong integrability obstructions obtained in the frame of the Morales-Ramis theory. This theory gives also additional i…
We provide the necessary and sufficient conditions of Liouvillian integrability for Liénard differential systems describing nonlinear oscillators with a polynomial damping and a polynomial restoring force. We prove that Liénard differential systems are not Darboux integrable excluding subfamilies with certain restrictions on the degrees of the polynomials arising in the systems. We demonstrate that if the degree of a polynomial responsible for the restoring force is greater than the degree of a polynomial producing the damping, then a generic Liénard differential system is not Liouvillian inte…
Folding of quadrilaterals, zigzags, and Arnold-Liouville integrability
本文将Darboux四边形折叠porism和Bottema锯齿形porism纳入Arnold-Liouville可积性框架，揭示其可积结构。
Liouvillian integrability of three dimensional vector fields
本文研究了三维向量场的Liouville可积性，证明了存在第一积分的条件，并展示了通过两次积分可得到该积分的方法。
The main goal of the article is testing a new classification algorithm. To this end we apply it to a relevant problem of describing the integrable cases of a subclass of two-dimensional lattices. By imposing the cut-off conditions $u_{-1}=c_0$ and $u_{N+1}=c_1$ we reduce the lattice $u_{n,xy}=α(u_{n+1},u_n,u_{n-1})u_{n,x}u_{n,y}$ to a finite system of hyperbolic type PDE. Assuming that for each natural $N$ the obtained system is integrable in the sense of Darboux we look for $α$. To detect the Darboux integrability of the hyperbolic type system we use an algebraic criterion of Darboux integrab…
Nonlinear semi-discrete equations of the form t_x(n+1)=f(t(n), t(n+1), t_x(n)) are studied. An adequate algebraic formulation of the Darboux integrability is discussed and the attempt to adopt this notion to the classification of Darboux integrable chains has been undertaken.
We study differential-difference equation of the form $$ \frac{d}{dx}t(n+1,x)=f(t(n,x),t(n+1,x),\frac{d}{dx}t(n,x)) $$ with unknown $t(n,x)$ depending on continuous and discrete variables $x$ and $n$. Equation of such kind is called Darboux integrable, if there exist two functions $F$ and $I$ of a finite number of arguments $x$, $\{t(n\pm k,x)\}_{k=-\infty}^\infty$, ${\frac{d^k}{dx^k}t(n,x)}_{k=1}^\infty$, such that $D_xF=0$ and $DI=I$, where $D_x$ is the operator of total differentiation with respect to $x$, and $D$ is the shift operator: $Dp(n)=p(n+1)$. Reformulation of Darboux integrability…
We study differential-difference equation of the form $t_{x}(n+1)=f(t(n),t(n+1),t_x(n))$ with unknown $t=t(n,x)$ depending on $x$, $n$. The equation is called Darboux integrable, if there exist functions $F$ (called an $x$-integral) and $I$ (called an $n$-integral), both of a finite number of variables $x$, $t(n)$, $t(n\pm 1)$, $t(n\pm 2)$, $...$, $t_x(n)$, $t_{xx}(n)$, $...$, such that $D_xF=0$ and $DI=I$, where $D_x$ is the operator of total differentiation with respect to $x$, and $D$ is the shift operator: $Dp(n)=p(n+1)$. The Darboux integrability property is reformulated in terms of chara…
The purpose of this article is to develop an algebraic approach to the problem of integrable classification of differential-difference equations with one continuous and two discrete variables. As a classification criterion, we put forward the following hypothesis. Any integrable equation of the type under consideration admits an infinite sequence of finite-field Darboux-integrable reductions. The property of Darboux integrability of a finite-field system is formalized as finite-dimensionality condition of its characteristic Lie-Rinehart algebras. That allows one to derive effective integrabili…
In the article a classification method for nonlinear integrable equations with three independent variables is discussed based on the notion of the integrable reductions. We call the equation integrable if it admits a large class of reductions being Darboux integrable systems of hyperbolic type equations with two independent variables. The most natural and convenient object to be studied within the frame of this scheme is the class of two dimensional lattices generalizing the well-known Toda lattice. In the present article we deal with the quasilinear lattices of the form $u_{n,xy}=α(u_{n+1} ,u…
On the symmetry classification of integrable chains in 3D. Darboux-integrable reductions and their higher symmetries
本文提出了一种方法，用于识别和分类三维中具有离散和连续变量的可积非线性方程，并揭示了Toda型链的降维结构及其对称性特性。
Existence Conditions for Darboux Curves and Analytic First Integrals of a Liénard-Type Quadratic Vector Field
本文完整分类了Liénard型二次向量场的Darboux曲线，给出存在条件（c=-ab或c=-2ab），并证明全局Riccati型解析首次积分仅在c=-ab分支出现，且与QIR类相关。
We construct birational maps that satisfy the parametric set-theoretical Yang-Baxter equation and its entwining generalisation. For this purpose, we employ Darboux transformations related to integrable Nonlinear Schrödinger type equations and study the refactorisation problems of the product of their associated Darboux matrices. Additionally, we study various algebraic properties of the derived maps, such as invariants and associated symplectic or Poisson structures, and we prove their complete integrability in the Liouville sense.
Recently, Lembert, Gilson et al proposed a lucid and systematic approach to obtain bilinear Bäcklund transformations and Lax pairs for constant-coefficient soliton equations based on the use of binary Bell polynomials. In this paper, we would like to further develop this method with new applications. We extend this method to systematically investigate complete integrability of nonisospectral and variable-coefficient equations. In addiction, a method is described for deriving infinite conservation laws of nonlinear evolution equations based on the use of binary Bell polynomials. All conserved d…
In the article the problem of the integrable classification of nonlinear lattices depending on one discrete and two continuous variables is studied. By integrability we mean the presence of reductions of a chain to a system of hyperbolic equations of arbitrarily high order integrable in the Darboux sense. Darboux integrablity admits a remarkable algebraic interpretation: the Lie-Rinehart algebras related to both characteristic directions corresponding to the reduced system of the hyperbolic equations have to be of finite dimension. A classification algorithm based on the properties of the char…
It is shown that the integrable discrete Schwarzian KP (dSKP) equation which constitutes an algebraic superposition formula associated with, for instance, the Schwarzian KP hierarchy, the classical Darboux transformation and quasi-conformal mappings encapsulates nothing but a fundamental theorem of ancient Greek geometry. Thus, it is demonstrated that the connection with Menelaus' theorem and, more generally, Clifford configurations renders the dSKP equation a natural object of inversive geometry on the plane. The geometric and algebraic integrability of dSKP lattices and their reductions to l…
We continue to study Lax (L-A, U-V) pairs (LP) joint covariance with respect to Darboux transformations (DT) as a classification principle. The scheme is based on a comparison of general expressions for the transformed coefficients of LP and its Frechet derivative. We use the compact expressions of the DT via some version of nonabelian Bell polynomials. It is shown that one more version of Bell polynomials, so-called binary ones, form a convenient basis for the invariant subspaces specification. Some non-autonomous generalization of KdV and Boussinesq equations are discussed in the context. Tr…
We study the moduli space of the spectral curves $y^2=W'(z)^2+f(z)$ which characterize the vacua of $\mathcal{N}=1$ U(n) supersymmetric gauge theories with an adjoint Higgs field and a polynomial tree level potential $W(z)$. It is shown that there is a direct way to associate a spectral density and a prepotential functional to these spectral curves. The integrable structure of the Whitham equations is used to determine the spectral curves from their moduli. An alternative characterization of the spectral curves in terms of critical points of a family of polynomial solutions $\mathbb{W}$ to Eul…
We propose the systematic construction of classical and quantum two dimensional space-time lattices primarily based on algebraic considerations, i.e. on the existence of associated r-matrices and underlying spatial and temporal classical and quantum algebras. This is a novel construction that leads to the derivation of fully discrete integrable systems governed by sets of consistent integrable non-linear space-time difference equations. To illustrate the proposed methodology, we derive two versions of the fully discrete non-linear Schrodinger type system. The first one is based on the existenc…
Orthogonal Laurent polynomials in the unit circle and the theory of Toda-like integrable systems are connected using the Gauss--Borel factorization of a Cantero-Moral-Velazquez moment matrix, which is constructed in terms of a complex quasi-definite measure supported in the unit circle. The factorization of the moment matrix leads to orthogonal Laurent polynomials in the unit circle and the corresponding second kind functions. Jacobi operators, 5-term recursion relations and Christoffel-Darboux kernels, projecting to particular spaces of truncated Laurent polynomials, and corresponding Christo…
We discuss geometric integrability of Hirota's discrete KP equation in the framework of projective geometry over division rings using the recently introduced notion of Desargues maps. We also present the Darboux-type transformations, and we review symmetries of the Desargues maps from the point of view of root lattices of type A and the action of the corresponding affine Weyl group. Such a point of view facilities to study the relation of Desargues maps and the discrete conjugate nets. Recent investigation of geometric integrability of Desargues maps allowed to introduce two maps satisfying fu…
The integrable 1+1-dimensional SU(2) principal chiral model (PCM) serves as a toy-model for 3+1-dimensional Yang-Mills theory as it is asymptotically free and displays a mass gap. Interestingly, the PCM is 'pseudodual' to a scalar field theory introduced by Zakharov and Mikhailov and Nappi that is strongly coupled in the ultraviolet and could serve as a toy-model for non-perturbative properties of theories with a Landau pole. Unlike the 'Euclidean' current algebra of the PCM, its pseudodual is based on a nilpotent current algebra. Recently, Rajeev and Ranken obtained a mechanical reduction by …
On the classification of nonlinear integrable three-dimensional chains by means of characteristic Lie algebras
本文基于特征李代数有限维的性质，通过假设多项式$P(λ)=λ^2$将三变量非线性可积链的分类问题简化为求解八个未知函数，最终获得了一个包含新可积链例子的狭窄候选类。
The generalised hodograph method for non-diagonalisable integrable systems of hydrodynamic type
本研究将广义速端曲线方法推广至正则非对角化流体力学型可积系统，基于系统与带相容联络F-流形的关联，讨论了Darboux定理适用的额外假设，在假设成立时可得到通解。
Frölicher-Nijenhuis geometry and integrable matrix PDE systems
本文利用Frölicher-Nijenhuis括号为零的两个(1,1)型张量场构造双微分分次代数，由此导出具有二元Darboux变换的可积矩阵PDE系统，恢复手征模型与自对偶Yang-Mills方程并推广到高维，同时获得新的非自治非线性可积方程。
We present several algebraic and differential-geometric constructions of tetrahedron maps, which are set-theoretical solutions to the Zamolodchikov tetrahedron equation. In particular, we obtain a family of new (nonlinear) polynomial tetrahedron maps on the space of square matrices of arbitrary size, using a matrix refactorisation equation, which does not coincide with the standard local Yang--Baxter equation. Liouville integrability is established for some of these maps. Also, we show how to derive linear tetrahedron maps as linear approximations of nonlinear ones, using Lax representations a…
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