Itai Benjamini, Mikolaj Fraczyk, Gabor Kun
We conjecture that finite graphs with positive Cheeger constant admit a spanning subgraph with positive Cheeger constant and girth proportional to the diameter. We prove this conjecture for regular expander graphs with large expansion. Our proof relies on the Local Lemma.
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The main purpose of this paper is to construct high-girth regular expander graphs with localized eigenvectors for general degrees, which is inspired by a recent work due to Alon, Ganguly and Srivastava (to appear in Israel J. Math.).
We consider supercritical bond percolation on a family of high-girth $d$-regular expanders. Alon, Benjamini and Stacey (2004) established that its critical probability for the appearance of a linear-sized ("giant'') component is $p_c=1/(d-1)$. Our main result recovers the sharp asymptotics of the size and degree distribution of the vertices in the giant and its 2-core at any $p>p_c$. It was further shown in [ABS04] that the second largest component, at any $0<p<1$, has size at most $n^ω$ for some $ω<1$. We show that, unlike the situation in the classical Erdős-Rényi random graph, the second la…
We provide an explicit construction of finite 4-regular graphs $(Γ_k)_{k\in \mathbb N}$ with ${girth Γ_k\to\infty}$ as $k\to\infty$ and $\frac{diam Γ_k}{girth Γ_k}\leqslant D$ for some $D>0$ and all $k\in\mathbb{N}$. For each fixed dimension $n\geqslant 2,$ we find a pair of matrices in $SL_{n}(\mathbb{Z})$ such that (i) they generate a free subgroup, (ii)~their reductions $\bmod\, p$ generate $SL_{n}(\mathbb{F}_{p})$ for all sufficiently large primes $p$, (iii) the corresponding Cayley graphs of $SL_{n}(\mathbb{F}_{p})$ have girth at least $c_n\log p$ for some $c_n>0$. Relying on growth resul…
Large expander subgraphs in high genus triangulations
研究高亏格三角剖分中存在大扩张子图的性质，通过新标准证明其存在性并回答Benjamini问题。
In this paper we present an algorithm to compute keyed hash function (message authentication code MAC). Our approach uses a family of expander graphs of large girth denoted $D(n,q)$, where $n$ is a natural number bigger than one and $q$ is a prime power. Expander graphs are known to have excellent expansion properties and thus they also have very good mixing properties. All requirements for a good MAC are satisfied in our method and a discussion about collisions and preimage resistance is also part of this work. The outputs closely approximate the uniform distribution and the results we get ar…
In this paper, we consider a structural and geometric property of graphs, namely the presence of large expanders. The problem of finding such structures was first considered by Krivelevich [SIAM J. Disc. Math. 32 1 (2018)]. Here, we show that the problem of finding a large induced subgraph that is an expander can be reduced to the simpler problem of finding a topological minor that is an expander. Our proof is constructive, which is helpful in an algorithmic setting. We also show that every large subgraph of an expander graph contains a large subgraph which is itself an expander.
We consider a modified random walk which uses unvisited edges whenever possible, and makes a simple random walk otherwise. We call such a walk an edge-process. We assume there is a rule A, which tells the walk which unvisited edge to use whenever there is a choice. In the simplest case, A is a uniform random choice over unvisited edges incident with the current walk position. However we do not exclude arbitrary choices of rule A. For example, the rule could be determined on-line by an adversary, or could vary from vertex to vertex. For even degree expander graphs, of bounded maximum degree, we…
In 2004, Frieze, Krivelevich and Martin [17] established the emergence of a giant component in random subgraphs of pseudo-random graphs. We study several typical properties of the giant component, most notably its expansion characteristics. We establish an asymptotic vertex expansion of connected sets in the giant by a factor of $\tilde{O}\left(ε^2\right)$. From these expansion properties, we derive that the diameter of the giant is typically $O_ε\left(\log n\right)$, and that the mixing time of a lazy random walk on the giant is asymptotically $O_ε\left(\log^2 n\right)$. We also show similar …
Long-range expanders: construction and cutoff
本文证明每个Ramanujan图具有长程扩张，构造对数围长的显式长程扩张图，并确立固定度长程扩张图序列上随机游走的截断现象及其高斯极限轮廓，为传递谱扩张图的截断猜想提供中间进展。
In 1991, Bollobás and Frieze showed that the threshold for $G_{n,p}$ to contain a spanning maximal planar subgraph is very close to $p = n^{-1/3}$. In this paper, we compute similar threshold ranges for $G_{n,p}$ to contain a maximal bipartite planar subgraph and for $G_{n,p}$ to contain a maximal planar subgraph of fixed girth $g$.
On the solution to the Erdős-Hajnal problem on high-girth high-chromatic subgraphs
本文解释并优化了 Erdős-Hajnal 问题的高围长高色数子图的否定构造，将 Kohlmeyer 和 Kruer 的色数上界从 6 改进到 3。
The role of expanders in the spectral geometry of metric graphs
研究扩展图在度量图谱几何中的作用，通过回顾其组合和谱定义，利用拉马努金图下界，探究度量图拉普拉斯算子特征值在多方面的上界及缺失情况。
The $g$-girth-thickness $θ(g,G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum number of planar subgraphs of girth at least $g$ whose union is $G$. In this note, we give the $4$-girth-thickness $θ(4,L(K_n))$ of the line graph of the complete graph $L(K_n)$ when $n$ is even. We also give the minimum number of subgraphs of $L(K_n)$, which are of girth at least $4$ and embeddable on the projective plane, whose union is $L(K_n)$.
We present a generalization of the construction of graphs by Lubotzky, Phillips and Sarnak in their celebrated article "Ramanujan graphs". The new approach consists in using octonion algebras rather than quaternions. A key tool is the existing result of the unique factorization of integral octonions. The families obtained by this mean present not only the same spectral property that make them good expanders, but also show a larger girth, yielding a new record for regular graphs.
Expander graphs are widely used in communication problems and construction of error correcting codes. In such graphs, information gets through very quickly. Typically, it is not true for social or biological networks, though we may find a partition of the vertices such that the induced subgraphs on them and the bipartite subgraphs between any pair of them exhibit regular behavior of information flow within or between the subsets. Implications between spectral and regularity properties are discussed.
Forbidden subgraphs generating a finite set of graphs with minimum degree three and large girth
本文针对图论中禁用子图与图族有限性的问题，刻画了直径≥7的非毛虫树T，使得不含C3、C4和T作为诱导子图、最小度≥3的连通图族是有限的。
We give an upper bound for the online chromatic number of graphs with high girth and for graphs with high oddgirth generalizing Kier- stead's algorithm for graphs that contain neither a C3 or C5 as an induced subgraph.
We consider the following activation process in undirected graphs: a vertex is active either if it belongs to a set of initially activated vertices or if at some point it has at least $r$ active neighbors, where $r>1$ is the activation threshold. A \emph{contagious set} is a set whose activation results with the entire graph being active. Given a graph $G$, let $m(G,r)$ be the minimal size of a contagious set. Computing $m(G,r)$ is NP-hard. It is known that for every $d$-regular or nearly $d$-regular graph on $n$ vertices, $m(G,r) \le O(\frac{nr}{d})$. We consider such graphs that additionally…
We study infinite analogues of expander graphs, namely graphs where subgraphs weighted by heat kernels form an expander family. Our main result is that there does not exist any infinite expander in this sense. This proves the analogue for random walks of Benjamini's conjecture that there is no infinite graph whose metric balls are uniformly expander. The proof relies on a study of stationary random graphs, in particular proving non-expansion of heat kernels in that setting. A key result is that any stationary random graph is stationary hyperfinite, which is potentially of independent interest.
We prove that every 3-regular graph with no circuit of length less than six has a subgraph isomorphic to a subdivision of the Petersen graph.
The $g$-girth-thickness $θ(g,G)$ of a graph $G$ is the smallest number of planar subgraphs of girth at least $g$ whose union is $G$. In this paper, we calculate the $4$-girth-thickness $θ(4,G)$ of the complete $m$-partite graph $G$ when each part has an even number of vertices.
In this paper, we define the $4$-girth-thickness $θ(4,G)$ of a graph $G$ as the minimum number of planar subgraphs of girth at least $4$ whose union is $G$. We obtain the $4$-girth-thickness of the arbitrary complete graph $K_n$ getting that $θ(4,K_n)=\left\lceil \frac{n+2}{4}\right\rceil$ for $n\not=6,10$ and $θ(4,K_6)=3$.
The $g$-girth-thickness $θ(g,G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum number of planar subgraphs of girth at least $g$ whose union is $G$. In this paper, we determine the $6$-girth-thickness $θ(6,K_n)$ of the complete graph $K_n$ in almost all cases. And also, we calculate by computer the missing value of $θ(4,K_n)$.
We establish a lower bound for the cop number of graphs of high girth in terms of the minimum degree, and more generally, in terms of a certain growth condition. We show, in particular, that the cop number of any graph with girth $g$ and minimum degree $δ$ is at least $\tfrac{1}{g}(δ- 1)^{\lfloor \frac{g-1}{4}\rfloor}$. We establish similar results for directed graphs. While exposing several reasons for conjecturing that the exponent $\tfrac{1}{4}g$ in this lower bound cannot be improved to $(\tfrac{1}{4}+\varepsilon)g$, we are also able to prove that it cannot be increased beyond $\frac{3}{8}…
A {\it star-factor} of a graph $G$ is a spanning subgraph of $G$ such that each component of which is a star. Recently, Hartnell and Rall studied a family $\mathscr{U}$ of graphs satisfying the property that every star-factor of a member graph has the same number of edges. They determined the family $\mathscr{U}$ when the girth is at least five. In this paper, we investigate the family of graphs with girth three and determine all members of this family.
The $4$-girth-thickness $θ(4,G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum number of planar subgraphs of girth at least four whose union is $G$. In this paper, we obtain that the 4-girth-thickness of complete tripartite graph $K_{n,n,n}$ is $\big\lceil\frac{n+1}{2}\big\rceil$ except for $θ(4,K_{1,1,1})=2$. And we also show that the $4$-girth-thickness of the complete graph $K_{10}$ is three which disprove the conjecture $θ(4,K_{10})=4$ posed by Rubio-Montiel (Ars Math Contemp 14(2) (2018) 319).
Analogues of Bermond-Bollobás Conjecture for Cages Yield Expander Families
本文将 1981 年 Bermond-Bollobás 猜想改造为笼图的三个变体，并证明任一变体获肯定回答即可构造扩张子族，从而建立笼图与扩张图的联系。
We prove that every bipartite graph of sufficiently large average degree has either a $K_{t,t}$-subgraph or an induced subgraph of average degree at least $t$ and girth at least $6$. We conjecture that "$6$" can be replaced by "$k$", which strengthens a conjecture of Thomassen. In support of this conjecture, we show that it holds for regular graphs.
Optimal Small Set Expanders and Their Codes
本文刻画了最优小集扩展器的组合特征（通过围长），证明了任意s阶最优扩展器的存在性，并应用于后量子密码密钥交换协议的编码构造。
We prove a decomposition theorem for the class of triangle-free graphs that do not contain a subdivision of the complete graph on four vertices as an induced subgraph. We prove that every graph of girth at least~5 in this class is 3-colorable.
A graph $G=(V,E)$ is called an expander if every vertex subset $U$ of size up to $|V|/2$ has an external neighborhood whose size is comparable to $|U|$. Expanders have been a subject of intensive research for more than three decades and have become one of the central notions of modern graph theory. We first discuss the above definition of an expander and its alternatives. Then we present examples of families of expanding graphs and state basic properties of expanders. Next, we introduce a way to argue that a given graph contains a large expanding subgraph. Finally we research properties of exp…
An induced forest of a graph G is an acyclic induced subgraph of G. The present paper is devoted to the analysis of a simple randomised algorithm that grows an induced forest in a regular graph. The expected size of the forest it outputs provides a lower bound on the maximum number of vertices in an induced forest of G. When the girth is large and the degree is at least 4, our bound coincides with the best bound known to hold asymptotically almost surely for random regular graphs. This results in an alternative proof for the random case.
We show that every locally sparse graph contains a linearly sized expanding subgraph. For constants $c_1>c_2>1$, $0<α<1$, a graph $G$ on $n$ vertices is called a $(c_1,c_2,α)$-graph if it has at least $c_1n$ edges, but every vertex subset $W\subset V(G)$ of size $|W|\le αn$ spans less than $c_2|W|$ edges. We prove that every $(c_1,c_2,α)$-graph with bounded degrees contains an induced expander on linearly many vertices. The proof can be made algorithmic. We then discuss several applications of our main result to random graphs, to problems about embedding graph minors, and to positional games.
Triangle-free subgraphs with large fractional chromatic number
本文证明了 Erdős-Hajnal 猜想中围长为4情形的分数色数版本，即存在函数 h(k,4)，使色数足够大的图必含分数色数至少为 k 的无三角形子图。
Let $G=(V,E)$ be a finite graph. For $v\in V$ we denote by $G_v$ the subgraph of $G$ that is induced by $v$'s neighbor set. We say that $G$ is $(a,b)$-regular for $a>b>0$ integers, if $G$ is $a$-regular and $G_v$ is $b$-regular for every $v\in V$. Recent advances in PCP theory call for the construction of infinitely many $(a,b)$-regular expander graphs $G$ that are expanders also locally. Namely, all the graphs $\{G_v|v\in V\}$ should be expanders as well. While random regular graphs are expanders with high probability, they almost surely fail to expand locally. Here we construct two families …
Digraphs of Large Girth and Dichromatic Number in Tournaments with Large Dichromatic Number
本文证明每个二色数足够大的竞赛图包含具有大有向围长和大二色数的子有向图，并探讨了用底层图围长替代的情形，该情形蕴含Erdős-Hajnal猜想且对特定竞赛图族成立。
Recently, Borodin, Kostochka, and Yancey (On $1$-improper $2$-coloring of sparse graphs. Discrete Mathematics, 313(22), 2013) showed that the vertices of each planar graph of girth at least $7$ can be $2$-colored so that each color class induces a subgraph of a matching. We prove that any planar graph of girth at least $6$ admits a vertex coloring in $2$ colors such that each monochromatic component is a path of length at most $14$. Moreover, we show a list version of this result. On the other hand, for each positive integer $t\geq 3$, we construct a planar graph of girth $4$ such that in any …
For all integers $k\geq 3$, we give an $O(n^4)$ time algorithm for the problem whose instance is a graph $G$ of girth at least $k$ together with $k$ vertices and whose question is "Does $G$ contains an induced subgraph containing the $k$ vertices and isomorphic to a tree?". This directly follows for $k=3$ from the three-in-a-tree algorithm of Chudnovsky and Seymour and for $k=4$ from a result of Derhy, Picouleau and Trotignon. Here we solve the problem for $k\geq 5$. Our algorithm relies on a structural description of graphs of girth at least $k$ that do not contain an induced tree covering $k…
Unavoidable subgraphs in Ramsey graphs
本文基于围长Ramsey定理给出的“$F$副本森林”结构，推导进一步结论，并刻画这类子图在Ramsey图中必然出现的程度。
We present a local algorithm producing an independent set of expected size $0.44533n$ on large-girth 3-regular graphs and $0.40407n$ on large-girth 4-regular graphs. We also construct a cut (or bisection or bipartite subgraph) with $1.34105n$ edges on large-girth 3-regular graphs. These decrease the gaps between the best known upper and lower bounds from $0.0178$ to $0.01$, from $0.0242$ to $0.0123$ and from $0.0724$ to $0.0616$, respectively. We are using local algorithms, therefore, the method also provides upper bounds for the fractional coloring numbers of $1 / 0.44533 \approx 2.24554$ and…
A graph G is list (b:a)-colorable if for every assignment of lists of size b to vertices of G, there exists a choice of an a-element subset of the list at each vertex such that the subsets chosen at adjacent vertices are disjoint. We prove that for every positive integer a, the family of minimal obstructions of girth at least five to list (3a:a)-colorability is strongly hyperbolic, in the sense of the hyperbolicity theory developed by Postle and Thomas. This has a number of consequences, e.g., that if a graph of girth at least five and Euler genus g is not list (3a:a)-colorable, then G contain…
The Erdős-Hajnal High-Girth Subgraph Conjecture Holds in the Polynomial Chromatic-Sparsity Regime
证明 Erdős-Hajnal 猜想：对于固定 r≥4，当图色数趋于无穷时，存在围线至少为 r 的子图其色数也趋于无穷，在多项式边密度条件下成立，并给出定量界。
The distinguishing number $D(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the least integer $d$ such that $G$ has a vertex labeling with $d$ labels that is preserved only by a trivial automorphism. The distinguishing chromatic number $χ_{D}(G)$ of $G$ is defined similarly, where, in addition, $f$ is assumed to be a proper labeling. Motivated by a conjecture in \cite{colins}, we prove that if $G$ is a bipartite graph of girth at least six with the maximum degree $Δ(G)$, then $χ_{D}(G)\leq Δ(G)+1$. We also obtain an upper bound for $χ_{D}(G)$ where $G$ is a graph with at most one cycle. Finally, we state a relationshi…
We construct an infinite family of bounded-degree bipartite unique-neighbour expander graphs with arbitrarily unbalanced sides. Although weaker than the lossless expanders constructed by Capalbo et al., our construction is simpler and may be closer to be implementable in practice due to the smaller constants. We construct these graphs by composing bipartite Ramanujan graphs with a fixed-size gadget in a way that generalizes the construction of unique neighbour expanders by Alon and Capalbo. For the analysis of our construction we prove a strong upper bound on average degrees in small induced s…
We prove that for all nonnegative integers k,s there exists c with the following property. Let G be a graph with clique number at most k and chromatic number more than c. Then for every vertex-colouring (not necessarily optimal) of G, some induced subgraph of G is an s-vertex path, and all its vertices have different colours. This extends a recent result of Gyarfas and Sarkozy, who proved the same (when k=2) for graphs G with girth at least five.
For every $r \in \mathbb{N}$, let $θ_r$ denote the graph with two vertices and $r$ parallel edges. The $θ_r$-girth of a graph $G$ is the minimum number of edges of a subgraph of $G$ that can be contracted to $θ_r$. This notion generalizes the usual concept of girth which corresponds to the case $r=2$. In [Minors in graphs of large girth, Random Structures & Algorithms, 22(2):213--225, 2003], Kühn and Osthus showed that graphs of sufficiently large minimum degree contain clique-minors whose order is an exponential function of their girth. We extend this result for the case of $θ_{r}$-girth and …
A paradigm that was successfully applied in the study of both pure and algorithmic problems in graph theory can be colloquially summarized as stating that "any graph is close to being the disjoint union of expanders". Our goal in this paper is to show that in several of the instantiations of the above approach, the quantitative bounds that were obtained are essentially best possible. These results are obtained as corollaries of a new family of graphs, which we construct by picking random subgraphs of the hypercube, and analyze using (simple) arguments from the theory of metric embedding.
Let $G$ be a finite, connected graph. The eccentricity of a vertex $v$ of $G$ is the distance from $v$ to a vertex farthest from $v$. The average eccentricity of $G$ is the arithmetic mean of the eccentricities of the vertices of $G$. We show that the average eccentricity of a connected graph $G$ of girth at least six is at most $\frac{9}{2} \lceil \frac{n}{2δ^2 - 2δ+2} \rceil + 7$, where $n$ is the order of $G$ and $δ$ its minimum degree. We construct graphs that show that whenever $δ-1$ is a prime power, then this bound is sharp apart from an additive constant. For graphs containing a vertex…
A graph is $(d_1, \ldots, d_k)$-colorable if its vertex set can be partitioned into $k$ nonempty subsets so that the subgraph induced by the $i$th part has maximum degree at most $d_i$ for each $i\in\{1, \ldots, k\}$. It is known that for each pair $(d_1, d_2)$, there exists a planar graph with girth $4$ that is not $(d_1, d_2)$-colorable. This sparked the interest in finding the pairs $(d_1, d_2)$ such that planar graphs with girth at least $5$ are $(d_1, d_2)$-colorable. Given $d_1\leq d_2$, it is known that planar graphs with girth at least $5$ are $(d_1, d_2)$-colorable if either $d_1\geq …
New tools for sparse graph embeddings: Hybrid expanders and application to nested cycles
该研究引入兼具次线性扩张与强常数因子扩张特性的混合扩张器，证明平均度达2^ω(log^*n)的图含此类子图，将树嵌入等工具引入稀疏图，还解决了Erdős相关工作中Thomassen提出的嵌套环问题。
For a fixed integer, the $k$-Colouring problem is to decide if the vertices of a graph can be coloured with at most $k$ colours for an integer $k$, such that no two adjacent vertices are coloured alike. A graph $G$ is $H$-free if $G$ does not contain $H$ as an induced subgraph. It is known that for all $k\geq 3$, the $k$-Colouring problem is NP-complete for $H$-free graphs if $H$ contains an induced claw or cycle. The case where $H$ contains a cycle follows from the known result that the problem is NP-complete even for graphs of arbitrarily large fixed girth. We examine to what extent the situ…
Locally bipartite subgraphs via multicolor Ramsey numbers
该研究针对Erdős-Hajnal猜想，改进了$f_4(k)$的上界，还证明了奇数$g\ge5$时对应函数$h_g(k)$的增长性，证实了Mohar和Wu2018年的相关猜想。
String Graph Obstacles of High Girth and of Bounded Degree
本文研究弦图的极小非弦图障碍，构造围长四、无$K_{2,3}$子图的近平面无穷障碍族，证明次三次障碍的围长界限，并给出有界树宽情形的线性时间识别算法。
We prove a general large sieve statement in the context of random walks on subgraphs of a given graph. This can be seen as a generalization of previously known results where one performs a random walk on a group enjoying a strong spectral gap property. In such a context the point is to exhibit a strong uniform expansion property for a suitable family of Cayley graphs on quotients. In our combinatorial approach, this is replaced by a result of Alon--Roichman about expanding properties of random Cayley graphs. Applying the general setting we show e.g., that with high probability (in a strong exp…
Robustness for expander graphs
本文研究了 $(n,d,λ)$-扩张图在随机稀疏化下的鲁棒性质，证明了其包含完美匹配、Hamilton 圈和三角形因子的概率下界，并解决了 Frieze 和 Krivelevich 提出的相关问题。
Packing subgraphs in regular graphs
研究证明正则图中存在覆盖所有顶点的子图打包方法，解决了Kühn和Osthus提出的双图覆盖问题。
Cut vertices are often used as a measure of nodes' importance within a network. They are those nodes whose failure disconnects a graph. Let N(G) be the number of connected induced subgraphs of a graph $G$. In this work, we investigate the maximum of N(G) where $G$ is a unicyclic graph with $n$ nodes of which $c$ are cut vertices. For all valid $n,c$, we give a full description of those maximal (that maximise N(.)) unicyclic graphs. It is found that there are generally two maximal unicyclic graphs. For infinitely many values of $n,c$, however, there is a unique maximal unicyclic graph with $n$ …
We describe a new method to remove short cycles on regular graphs while maintaining spectral bounds (the nontrivial eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix), as long as the graphs have certain combinatorial properties. These combinatorial properties are related to the number and distance between short cycles and are known to happen with high probability in uniformly random regular graphs. Using this method we can show two results involving high girth spectral expander graphs. First, we show that given $d \geq 3$ and $n$, there exists an explicit distribution of $d$-regular $Θ(n)$-vertex graphs whe…
In this paper we completely resolve the well-known problem of Erdős and Sauer from 1975 which asks for the maximum number of edges an $n$-vertex graph can have without containing a $k$-regular subgraph, for some fixed integer $k\geq 3$. We prove that any $n$-vertex graph with average degree at least $C_k\log \log n$ contains a $k$-regular subgraph. This matches the lower bound of Pyber, Rödl and Szemerédi and substantially improves an old result of Pyber, who showed that average degree at least $C_k\log n$ is enough. Our method can also be used to settle asymptotically a problem raised by Erdő…
We prove inequalities between the densities of various bipartite subgraphs in signed graphs and graphons. One of the main inequalities is that the density of any bipartite graph with girth r cannot exceed the density of the r-cycle. This study is motivated by Sidorenko's conjecture, which states that the density of a bipartite graph F with m edges in any graph G is at least the m-th power of the edge density of G. Another way of stating this is that the graph G with given edge density minimizing the number of copies of F is, asymptotically, a random graph. We prove that this is true locally, i…
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